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The prospective effect of problematic smartphone use and fear of missing out on sleep among Chinese adolescents

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Abstract

The high prevalence of problematic smartphone use (PSU) among adolescents has raised public concern due to its negative health consequences, such as sleep problems. The current longitudinal study aimed to investigate the prospective effects of PSU and fear of missing out (FoMO) on both bedtime procrastination and sleep duration among Chinese adolescents. Three hundred eighteen Chinese high school students (Mage = 16.92, SD = 0.67) completed an anonymous questionnaire at both baseline and 6-month follow-up. The results of the analyses showed that both PSU and FoMO were correlated with greater bedtime procrastination and shorter sleep duration. However, path analysis revealed that only baseline PSU (β = .11, p < .05) but not baseline FoMO (β = .05, p > .05) predicted bedtime procrastination at the 6-month follow-up, while sleep duration assessed at the follow-up survey was significantly predicted by only baseline bedtime procrastination (β = −.16, p < .01). Our findings support the adverse effect of PSU on adolescent sleep health, while that of FoMO may not be as direct as expected. Future studies with three or more waves of data collection are recommended for properly testing the prospective, probably indirect, effects of PSU, FoMO, and other emotional or cognitive factors on sleep quality.

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Data Availability

The dataset used in the current study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by the University of Macau (Ref #: MYRG2019–00014-FSS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macao, Taipa, China

    Meng Xuan Zhang, Hui Zhou, Hong Mian Yang & Anise M. S. Wu

  2. Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China

    Meng Xuan Zhang, Hui Zhou, Hong Mian Yang & Anise M. S. Wu

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Contributions

MXZ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing-Original draft and Writing-Reviewing. HZ: Investigation, Validation, Writing-Original draft, and Writing-Reviewing. HMY: Writing-Original draft Writing-Reviewing and Editing. AMSW: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing-Reviewing, and Editing. All authors contributed to and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Anise M. S. Wu.

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The ethics approval was obtained from the research ethics committee of the Department of Psychology at the University of Macau (Ref #: 2018–24).

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Appendix

Appendix

The ten items for measuring problematic smartphone use:

  1. 1.

    Although using smartphone has brought negative effects on my interpersonal relationships, the amount of time spent on Internet remains unreduced.

  2. 2.

    I use smartphone for a longer period of time and spend more money than I had intended.

  3. 3.

    I try to spend less time on smartphone, but the efforts were in vain.

  4. 4.

    I feel aches and soreness in the back or eye discomforts due to excessive smartphone use.

  5. 5.

    I make it a habit to use smartphone and the sleep quality and total sleep time decreased.

  6. 6.

    To use smartphone has exercised certain negative effects on my schoolwork or job performance.

  7. 7.

    I feel restless and irritable when the smartphone is unavailable.

  8. 8.

    I feel uneasy once I stop smartphone for a certain period of time.

  9. 9.

    I find that I have been hooking on smartphone longer and longer.

  10. 10.

    I have increased substantial amount of time using smartphone per week in recent three months.

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Zhang, M.X., Zhou, H., Yang, H.M. et al. The prospective effect of problematic smartphone use and fear of missing out on sleep among Chinese adolescents. Curr Psychol 42, 5297–5305 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01863-9

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