Skip to main content
Log in

What if Discipline Is Not Interdisciplinary? The Case of Social Psychology in India

  • Regular Article
  • Published:
Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present work highlight the missing picture of interdisciplinarity in Indian social psychology from a critical cultural perspective. In India, social psychologists’ tried to inculcate the missing picture of ‘indigenous perspective’ from the cultural vantage point. The idea of this article is to explain the problem with claimed indigenous status without critically handling the reified social categories such as social class, religion, gender, and caste. However, this was handled to some extent in other disciplines but a deeper connection was not observed to be with the social psychology in India. There were divides and differences in the explanation of the same issues and the theoretical and methodological stance of these different disciplines created a further gap in coming up with the meaningful construction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The term interdisciplinarity was coined by Erich Jantsch (1970) which denotes the integration of disciplinary knowledge to understand any phenomenon. Some of the interesting works on the meaning of interdisciplinarity were taken forward critically by the social scientists (e.g. see Julia Klein 1990, 1996, 2014; Jacobs 2013; Kagan 2009).

  2. Franz Fanon was psychiatrist and one of the main critique of the colonial impact on the blackness in the African context. in the context of racism fanon insisted for the psychology and self which is framed by the vocabulary of resistance (see also Hook 2005)

  3. Martin Baro was Jesuit priest and psychiatrist in the Latin America who called for the psychology of liberation from the state sponsored oppression.

  4. Both Fanon and Baro rejected the oppressor’s self and insisted for the de-colonialized approach in the construction of psychological self which advanced for emancipation and liberation. Overall, they looked for the psychology which is self-empowering by rejecting the power and identity of oppressor

  5. Reina Gattuso (2018). Students strike, farmers march, and women rise: this week in India’s social movements. http://feministing.com/2018/03/21/students-strike-farmers-march-and-women-rise-this-week-in-indias-social-movements/

  6. Editorial. (2018). Social Movements in the Global South. Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy, 7 (2) vii–xii.

References

  • Acitelli, L. K. (1995). Disciplines at parallel play. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12(4), 589–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adair, J.G. (2006). Creating indigenous psychologies: Insights from empirical social studies of the science of psychology. In U. Kim, K.S. Yang, & K.K. Hwang (Eds.), Indigenous and Cultural Psychology: Understanding people in context (pp. 467-485). New York: Springer.

  • Adair, J. G., Kashima, Y., Maluf, M. R., & Pandey, J. (2007). Beyond indigenization: Asian psychology’s contribution to the world of psychology. In G. Zheng, K. Leung, & J. G. Adair (Eds.), Perspectives and progress in contemporary cross-cultural psychology (pp. 17–23). Beijing: China Light Industry Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, G., Ordonez, L. G., Kurtis, T., Molina, L. E., & Dobles, I. (2017). Notes on decolonizing psychology: From one special issue to another. South Africa Journal of Psychology, 47(4), 531–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akerlof, G. A., & Kranton, R. E. (2010). Identity economics: How our identities shape our work, wage, and well-being. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Arfken, M. (2018). From resisting neoliberalism to neoliberalizing resistance. Theory & Psychology, 28(5), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arfken, M., & Yen, J. (2014). Psychology and social justice: Theoretical and philosophical engagements. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 34(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Augoustinos, M., & Walker, I. (1995). Social cognition: An integrated introduction. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernardo, A. B., & Liu, J. H. (2018). Social engaged social psychology in Asia: Sustaining research progress in diverse directions. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 12(6), 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhargava, R. (2008). Individualism in social science: Forms and limits of a methodology. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskar, R., Danermark, B., & Price, L. (2018). Interdisciplinarity and wellbeing: A critical realist general theory of interdisciplinarity. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia, S. (2002). Orientalism in euro-American and Indian psychology: Historical representations of ‘natives’ in colonial and postcolonial context. History of Psychology, 5(4), 376–398.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia, S., & Priya, K. R. (2018). Decolonizing culture: Euro-American psychology and the shaping of neoliberal selves in India. Theory & Psychology, 28(5), 645–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Budd, M. (1988). Wittgenstein’s philosophy of psychology. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee, P. (2008). Democracy and economic transformation in India. Economic & Political Weekly, April 19.

  • Cherry, F. (1994). The stubborn particular of social psychology: Essays on the research process. Florence, KY, US: Taylor & Frances/Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalal, A., & Misra, G. (2001). New directions in Indian psychology. New Delhi: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danzieger, K. (1990). Constructing the subject: Historical origins of psychological research. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dirks, N. (2002). Castes of mind: Colonialism and the making of modern India. Delhi: Permanent Black.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Duveen, G. (2000). Introduction: The power of ideas. In G. Duveen (Ed.), Social representations: Studies in social psychology (pp. 1–17). Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Efstathiou, S., & Mirmalek, Z. (2014). Interdisciplinarity in action. In Nancy. Cartwright & E. Montuschi (Eds.), Philosophy of social science: A new introduction (pp. 233–248). UK: Oxford University Press.

  • Fiske, D & Shweder, R. A. (Eds) (1986). Introduction. In D. Fiske & R. A. Shweder (Eds.), Metatheory in social science: Pluralisms and subjectivities (pp 1–18). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

  • Gattuso, R. (2018). Students strike, farmers march, and women rise: this week in India’s social movements. Retrieved from http://feministing.com/2018/03/21/students-strike-farmers-march-and-women-rise-this-week-in-indias-social-movements/. Accessed 7 Jan 2019.

  • Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, K. J. (1973). Social psychology as history. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26(2), 309–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, K. J., Gulerce, A., Lock, A., & Misra, G. (1996). Psychological science in cultural context. American Psychologist, 51, 496–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Good, J. M., & Still, A. W. (1992). The idea of an interdisciplinary social psychology: An historical and rhetorical analysis. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 33(3), 563–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graff, H. J. (2016). The “problem” of interdisciplinarity in theory, practice, and history. Social Science History, 40, 775–803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks. London: Lawrence and Wishart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haig, B. (2014). Investigating the psychological world: Scientific Method in the Behavioral Sciences. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

  • Hammersley, M. (2011). Methodology: Who needs it? London: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hempel, C. G., & Oppenheim, P. (1948). Studies in the logic of explanation. Philosophy of Science, 15(2), 135–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hook, D (2005). A critical psychology of the postcolonial [online]. London: LSE Research Online.

  • Howarth, C., & Hook, D. (2005). Towards a critical social psychology of racism: Points of disruption. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 15(6), 425–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, P., Read, R., & Sharrock, W. (2008). There is no such thing as a social science: In defence of Peter Winch. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. A. (2013). In defense of disciplines: Interdisciplinarity and specialization in the research university. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahoda, G. (2007). A history of social psychology: From the eighteenth-century enlightment to the second world war. UK: Cambridge University press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahoda, G. (2016). Seventy years of social psychology: A cultural and personal critique. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 4(1), 364–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1995). What pragmatism means? In G. Bird (Ed.), Selected writing: William James (pp. 3–19). London: Orion Publishing Group.

  • Jantsch, E. (1970). Inter- and transdisciplinarity university: A systems approach to education and innovation. Policy Sciences, 1, 403–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jasper, J. M. (2017). The doors that culture opened: Parallels between social movement studies and social psychology. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20(3), 285–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jost, J. T., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2002). The estrangement of social constructionism and experimental social psychology: History of the rift and prospects of reconciliation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(3), 168–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J. (2009). The three cultures: Natural sciences, social sciences and the humanities in the 21st century. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler, H. H. (1986). Historical foundations of modern psychology. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, J. T. (1990). Interdisciplinarity: History, theory, and practice. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, J. T. (1996). Crossing boundaries: Knowledge, disciplinarities, and interdisciplinarities. Chalottesville: University Press of Virginia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, J. T. (2010). Creating interdisciplinary campus cultures: A model for strength and sustainability. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, J. T. (2014). Discourses of interdisciplinarity: Looking back to the future. Futures, 63, 68–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kreber, C. (2009). Different perspectives on internationalization in higher education. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 118, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, M. (2006). Rethinking psychology in India: Debating past and futures. Annual Review of Critical Psychology, 5, 236–256.

  • Latour, B., & Woolgar. (1986). Laboratory life: The construction of scientific facts. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leary, D. E. (1990). Introduction. In D. E. Leary (Ed.), Metaphors in the history of psychology (pp. 1–78). New York: Cambridge University Press.

  • Liu, J. H. (2011). Asian epistemologies and contemporary social psychological research. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (4th ed., pp. 213–226). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Liu, J. H., & Macdonald, M. (2016). Towards a psychology of global consciousness through an ethical conception of self in society. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 46(3), 310–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. H., Fisher, O. N., & Woodward, M. (2014). Symbologies, technologies, and identities: Critical junctures theory and the multi-layered nation-state. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 43, 2–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. (2017). Studying persons in context: Taking social psychological reality seriously. New Ideas in Psychology, 44, 28–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michell, J. (1999). Measurement in psychology: A critical history of a methodological concept. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Misra, G., & Prakash, A. (2012). Kenneth J. Gergen and social constructionism. Psychological Studies, 57(2), 121–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moscovici, S. (1988). Notes towards a description of social representations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 211–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moscovici, S. (1990). Questions for the twenty-first century. Theory & Psychology, 7, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nam, H. H., Jost, J. T., Kaggen, L., Campbell-Meiklejohn, D., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2018). Amydala structure and the tendency to regard the system as legitimate and desirable. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 133–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nandy, A. (2007a). Time warps: The insistent politics of silent and evasive pasts. Delhi: Permanent Black.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nandy, A. (2007b). Towards an alternative politics of psychology. In A. Nandy, Time treks: The uncertain future of old and new despotism (p. 111–128). Delhi: Permanent Black.

  • Nandy, A. (2011). Traditions, tyranny, and utopias: Essays in the politics of awareness. New Delhi: Oxford University press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nisbet, R. A. (1962). Sociology as an art form. The Pacific Sociological Review, 5(2), 67–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogbu, J. U. (1992). Understanding cultural diversity and learning. Educational Researcher, 21(8), 5–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogbu, J. U. (1993). Differences in cultural frame of reference. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 16(3), 483–506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Outhwaite, W. (1985). Hans-Georg Gadamer. Q. Skinner (Ed.), The return of grand theory in the human sciences. UK: Cambridge University Press.

  • Paranjpe, A. C. (1970). India: Caste, prejudice and the individual. Bombay: Lalvani Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paranjpe, A. (1998). Self and identity in modern psychology and Indian thought. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, I. (1987). ‘Social representations’: Social psychology’s (misuse) of sociology. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 17(4), 447–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, I. (1989). The crisis in modern social psychology and how to end it. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Picketty, T., & Goldhammer, A. (2017). Capital in the twenty first century. New York: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Prabhu, P. H. (1954). Hindu social organization: A study in socio-psychological and ideological foundations. Bombay: Popular Prakashan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinones-Vidal, E., Lopez-Garcia, J. J., Penaranda-Ortega, M., & Tortosa-Gil, F. (2004). The nature of social and personality psychology as reflected in JPSP, 1965-2000. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(3), 435–452.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raina, D. (2011). Instituions and knowledge: Framing the translation of science in colonial South Asia. Asiatische Studien/ Etudes Asiatiques, 65(4), 945–967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reicher, S. (1997). Laying the ground for a common critical psychology. In T. Ibanez & L. Iniguez (Eds.), Critical social psychology (pp. 83–94). London: Sage.

  • Reicher, S., & Hopkins, N. (2001). Self and nation: Categorization, contestation and mobilization. London: Sage Publications.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N. (1996). Inventing our selves: Psychology, power, and personhood. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N., & Abi-Rached, J. M. (2013). Neuro: The new brain science and the management of the mind. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1985). Development as freedom. New Delhi: Oxford university press.

  • Sewell, W. H. (1989). Some reflections on the golden age of interdisciplinary social psychology. Social Psychology Quarterly, 52(2), 88–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shweder, R. A. (1995). The confession of a methodological individualist. Culture & Psychology, 1, 115–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R., Gupta, M., & Dalal, A. K. (1979) Cultural difference in attribution of performance: An intergration-theoretical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37 (8), 1342–1351.

  • Sinha, C. (2016). Decolonizing social psychology in India: Exploring its role as emancipatory social science. Psychology & Society, 8(1), 57–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, C. (2017). Note on “History of psychology in India: Problems and prospects”. History of Psychology, 20 (1), 126–128. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0101578.

  • Sinha, J. B. P., & Kumar, R. (2004). Methodology for understanding Indian culture. The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies, 19, 90–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. (1988). Does the history of psychology have a subject? History of the Human Sciences, 1(2), 147–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smokler, H. (1983). Institutional rationality: The complex norms of science. Synthese, 57(2), 129–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorokin, P. (1954). Fads and foibles in modern sociology. Chicago: Regnery.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan, N., Hopkins, N., Reicher, S. D., Sammyh, S. K., Singh, T., & Levine, M. (2013). Social meaning of ambiguous sounds influences retrospective duration judgment. Psychological Science, 24(6), 1060–1062.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan, N., Tewari, S., Makwana, M., & Hopkins, N. P. (2015). Attention mediates the effect of context-relevant social meaning on prospective duration judgments. Timing & Time Perception, 3, 189–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suar, D., & Puhan, B. N. (2010). Quantitative methods in psychology. In G. Misra (Ed.), Psychology in India: Theoretical and methodological developments (Vol 4) (pp. 273–338). Delhi: Pearson.

  • Tajfel, H. (1969). The formation of national attitudes: A social psychological perspective. In M. Sheriff (ed.), Interdisciplinary relationships in the social science. Chicago: Aldine.

  • Tiwari, S., Khan, S., Hopkins, N., Srinivasan, N., & Reicher, S. (2012). Participation in mass gatherings can benefit well-being: Longitudinal and control data from a north Indian Hindu pilgrimage event. PLoS One, 7(10), e47291 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R. (2006). Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 375–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valsiner, J. (2001). Contemplating self: From India to contemporary self-psychology. Culture & Psychology, 7(1), 115–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valsiner, J. (2012). A guided science: History of psychology in the mirror of its making. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wexler, P. (1983). Critical social psychology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winch, P. (1990). The idea of a social science and its relation to philosophy. London: Rutledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelliot, E. (2001). From untouchability to Dalit: Essays on the Ambedkar Movement. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chetan Sinha.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

No conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sinha, C. What if Discipline Is Not Interdisciplinary? The Case of Social Psychology in India. Integr. psych. behav. 53, 504–524 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-019-9473-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-019-9473-y

Keywords

Navigation