Abstract
We have reported here a comparative self-assembly and gelation studies of two isomeric bis-amide functionalized NDI-derivatives. In one case (NDI-1) the two amide groups were placed symmetrically on either side of the chromophore while for the other system (NDI-2) they were located on same side. In non-polar solvent both isomers formed self-assembled structures by synergistic effect of π-stacking and hydrogen-bonding. The propensity for self-assembly of NDI-1 was greater due to symmetrical placement of two amide groups on either arms of this chromophore which allowed π-stacking in tandem with hydrogen-bonding, while NDI-2 formed thermally more stable self-assembled fibres possibly due to location of two amide groups in close proximity along single arm of this chromophore. The structural difference in these two isomers lead to distinctly different morphology of their respective self-assembled structures which was further reflected on their gelation properties. Morphology of the self-assembled array of NDI-1 showed organized and regular entangled bundles of nanorods which imparted better gelation ability to this chromophore while the self-assembled fibres of NDI-2 showed less ordered and irregular fibres. We also probed self- assembly of these two chromophores in their mixture which revealed orthogonal assembly of the individual chromophores and no molecular mixing was noticed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
(a) Lehn J-M 1995 Supramolecular chemistry-concepts and perspectives (Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH); (b) 2005 Supramolecular dye chemistry, topics in current chemistry F Würthner (ed.) (Berlin, Germany: Springer) 258; (c) Palmer L C and Stupp S I 2008 Acc. Chem. Res. 41 1674; (d) Souza F and Ito O 2009 Chem. Commun. 4913; (e) Malinovskii V L, Wenger D and Häner R 2010 Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 410; (f) Hoeben F J M, Jonkheijm P, Meijer E W and Schenning A P H J 2005 Chem. Rev. 105 1491
(a) Melendez R E, Carr A J, Linton B R and Hamilton A D 2000 Struct. Bonding (Berlin) 96 31; (b) Laurent H B and Desvergne J P 2006 Molecular gels: Materials with self-assembled fibrillar networks R G Weiss, P Terech (eds.) (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer) Chapter 12; (c) 2005 Low molecular mass gelators, topics in current chemistry F Fages (ed.) (Berlin, Germany: Springer) 256; (d) Beginn U 2003 Prog. Polym. Sci. 28 1049; (e) Banerjee S, Das R K and Maitra U 2009 J. Mater. Chem. 19 6649; (f) Suzuki M and Hanabusa K 2010 Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 455; (f) Bhattacharya S and Samanta S K 2009 Langmuir 25 8378
(a) Hains A W, Liang Z, Woodhouse M A and Gregg B A 2010 Chem. Rev. 110 6689 and references therein; (b) Ajayaghosh A, Praveen V K and Vijayakumar C 2008 Chem. Soc. Rev. 37 109
(a) Tamaru S I, Nakamura M, Takeuchi M and Shinkai S 2001 Org. Lett. 3 3631; (b) Shirakawa M, Kawano S I, Fujita N, Sada K and Shinkai S 2003 J. Org. Chem. 68 5037
(a) Mishra A, Ma C-Q and Bauerle P 2009 Chem. Rev. 109 1141; (b) Prasanthkumar S, Saeki A, Seki S and Ajayaghosh A 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 8866; (c) Prasanthkumar S, Gopal A and Ajayaghosh A 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 13206; (d) Schoonbeek F S, Van Esch J H, Wegewijs B, Rep D B A, De Haas M P, Klapwijk T M, Kellogg R M and Feringa B L 1999 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 1393; (e) Kawano S, Fujita N and Shinkai S 2005 Chem. Eur. J. 11 4735; (f) Stone D A, Tayi A S, Goldberger J E, Palmer L C and Stupp S I 2011 Chem. Commun. 5702; (g) Pratihar P, Ghosh S, Stepanenko V, Patwardhan S, Grozema F C, Siebbeles L D A and Würthner F 2010 Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 6 1070
Engelkamp H, Middelbeek S and Nolte R J M 1999 Science 284 785
(a) Ajayaghosh A and Praveen V K 2007 Acc. Chem. Res. 40 644 and references therein; (b) Babu S S, Kartha K K and Ajayaghosh A 2010 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 3413; (c) Srinivasan S, Babu P A, Mahesh S and Ajayaghosh A 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 15122; (d) Vijayakumar C, Praveen V K, Kartha K K and Ajayaghosh A 2011 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 4942; (e) Samanta S K, Pal A and Bhattacharya S 2009 Langmuir 25 8567; (f) Goel M and Jayakannan M 2010 J. Phys. Chem. 114 12508
(a) Puigmartì-Luis J, Pino À P, Laukhin V, Feldborg L N, Rovira C, Laukhina E and Amabilino D B 2010 J. Mater. Chem. 20 466; (b) Puigmartì-Luis J, Laukhin V, Pino À P, V-Gancedo J, Rovira C, Laukhina E and Amabilino D B 2007 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 238; (c) Akutagawa T, Kakiuchi K, Hasegawa T, Noro S-i, Nakamura T Hasegawa H, Mashiko S, Becher J 2005 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44 7283
(a) Würthner F 2004 Chem. Commun. 1564; (b) Sugiyasu K, Fujita N and Shinkai S 2004 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43 1229; (c) Li X-Q, Stepanenko V, Chen Z, Prins P, Siebbeles L D A and Würthner F 2006 Chem. Commun. 3871; (d) Würthner F, Bauer C, Stepanenko V and Yagai S 2008 Adv. Mater. 20 1695; (e) Wicklein A, Ghosh S, Sommer M, Würthner F and Thelakkat M 2009 ACS Nano 3 1107; (f) Sugiyasu K, Kawano S-i, Fujita N and Shinkai S 2008 Chem. Mater. 20 2863
Mukhopadhyay P, Iwashita Y, Shirakawa M, Kawano S-i, Fujita N and Shinkai S 2006 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45 1592
(a) Würthner F, Yao S and Beginn U 2003 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42 3247; (b) Yagai S, Ishii M, Karatsu T and Kitamura A 2007 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 8005
Molla M R and Ghosh S 2011 Chem. Mater. 23 95
(a) Miller L L, Mann K R 1996 Acc. Chem. Res. 29 417; (b) Katz H E, Lovinger A J, Johnson J, Kloc C, Siegrist T, Li W, Lin Y Y and Dodabalapur A 2000 Nature 404 478; (c) Warman J M, de Haas M P, Dicker G, Grozema F C, Piris J and Debije M G 2004 Chem. Mater. 16 4600; (d) Jones B A, Facchetti A, Wasielewski M R and Marks T J 2007 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 15259; (e) Oh B J H, Suraru S L, Lee W Y, Könemann M, Höffken H W, Röger C, Schmidt R, Chung Y, Chen W C, Würthner F and Bao Z 2010 Adv. Funct. Mater. 20 2148
(a) Lokey R S and Iverson 1995 B L Nature 375 303; (b) Nguyen J Q and Iverson B L 1999 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 2639; (c) Zych A J and Iverson B L 2000 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 8898; (d) Gabriel G J and Iverson B L 2002 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 15174; (e) Cubberley M S and Iverson B L 2001 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 7560; (f) De S and Ramakrishnan S 2011 Chem. Asian J. 6 149
(a) Vignon S A, Jarrosson T, Iijima T, Tseng H-R, Sanders J K M and Stoddart J F 2004 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 9884; (b) Iijima T, Vignon S A, Tseng H R, Jarrosson T, Sanders J K M, Marchioni F, Venturi M, Apostoli E, Balzani E and Stoddart J F 2004 Chem. Eur. J. 10 6375; (c) Mullen K M, Davis J J and Beer P D 2009 New. J. Chem. 33 769
(a) Au-Yeung H Y, Pantos G D and Sanders J K M 2010 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49 5331; (b) Au-Yeung H Y, Pantos G D and Sanders J K M 2009 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 10466; (c) Au-Yeung H Y, Pantos G D and Sanders J K M 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 16030; (d) Coskun A, Saha S, Aprahamian I and Stoddart J F 2008 Org. Lett. 10 3187
(a) Talukdar P, Bollot G, Marenda J, Sakai N and Matile S J 2005 Am. Chem. Soc. 127 6528; (b) Hagihara S, Gremaud L, Bollot G, Mareda J and Matile S 2008 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 4347
Kumar M and George S J 2011 Nanoscale 3 2130
(a) Bhosale R, Míšek J, Sakai N and Matile S 2010 Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 138; (b) Röger C, Mueller M G, Lysetska M, Miloslavina Y, Holzwarth A R and Würthner F 2006 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 6542; (c) Röger C, Miloslavina Y, Brunner D, Holzwarth A R and Würthner F 2008 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 5929; (d) Sakai N, Sisson A L, Bürgi T and Matile S 2007 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 15758; (e) Sakai N, Bhosale R, Emery D, Mareda J and Matile S 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 6923; (f) Bhosale S, Sisson A L, Talukdar P, Fürstenberg A, Banerji N, Vauthey E, Bollot G, Mareda J, Röger C, Würthner F, Sakai N and Matile S 2006 Science 313 84
Molla M R, Das A and Ghosh S 2010 Chem. Eur. J. 16 10084
Das A and Ghosh S 2011 Chem. Commun. 8922
(a) Note that in this case no separate absorption peak for aggregates are observed, rather the whole spectrum undergoes hypochromic shift along with concomitant red-shift which results in tailing of the lowest energy absorption band till ~410 nm. It is noteworthy that beyond 80% MCH/CHCl3 although the absorption intensity at 382 nm continues to decrease (at slower rate) with increasing MCH content, the intensity of the tail at 390 nm does not change any further. This is probably because at this stage the increase in absorption at 390 nm due to red shift is coincidently cancelled out by the hypochromic effect of the whole spectrum. (b) Shao H, Nguyen T, Romano N C, Modarelli D A and Parquette J R 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 16374
Ghosh S, Li X-Q, Stepanenko V and Würthner F 2008 Chem. Eur. J. 14 11343
(a) Shao H and Parquette J R 2010 Chem. Commun. 4285; (b) Tsai W W, Li L S, Cui H G, Jiang H Z and Stupp S I 2008 Tetrahedron 64 8504; (c) Kawano S, Fujita N and Shinkai S 2005 Chem. Eur. J. 11 4735; (d) Schenning A P H J, Kilbinger A F M, Biscarini F, Cavallini M, Cooper H J, Derrick P J, Feast W J, Lazzaroni R, Leclere N, Meijer E W and Meskers S C J 2002 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 1269
Okazaki T, Iizumi Y, Okubo S, Kataura H, Liu Z, Suenaga K, Tahara Y, Yudasaka M, Okada S and Iijima S 2011 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 4853
(a) Würthner F, Hanke B, Lysetska M, Lambright G, and Harms G S 2005 Org. Lett. 7 967; (b) Rohr U, Schlichting P, Böhm A, Groû M, Meerholz K, Bräuchle C and Müllen K 1998 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37 1434; (c) Dotcheva D, Klapper M and Müllen K 1994 Macromol. Chem. Phys. 195 1905; (d) Schneider M and Müllen K 2000 Chem. Mater. 12 352; (e) Gvishi R, Reisfeld R and Burshtein Z 1993 Chem. Phys. Lett. 213 338
Raghavan S R and Cipriano B H 2006 Molecular gels: Materials with self-assembled fibrillar networks R G Weiss, P Terech (eds.) (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer) Chapter 8
Das A and Ghosh S 2010 Chem. Eur. J. 16 13622
For general references on self-sorting see: (a) Northrop H, Zheng Y-R, Chi Ki-Whan and Stang P J 2009 Acc. Chem. Res. 42 1554; (b) Pal A, Karthikeyan S and Sijbesma R P 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 7842; (c) Mukhopadhyay P, Zavalij P Y and Isaacs L 2006 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 14093; (d) Heeres A, Pol C v d, Stuart M, Friggeri A, Feringa B L and Esch J v 2003 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 14252; (e) Moffat J R and Smith D K 2009 Chem. Commun. 316; (f) Rudzevich Y, Rudzevich V, Klautzsch F, Schalley C A and Bçhmer V 2009 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 3867; (g) Herrikhuyzen J van, Syamakumari A, Schenning A P H J and Meijer E W 2004 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 10021
For self-sorting of Naphthalenediimide system see (a) ref 20; (b) ref 21; (c) Das A, Molla M R, Banerjee A, Paul A and Ghosh S 2011 Chem. Eur. J. 17 6061
Molla M, Das A and Ghosh S 2011 Chem. Commun. 8934
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic Supplementary Material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
DAS, A., MOLLA, M.R. & GHOSH, S. Comparative self-assembly studies and self-sorting of two structurally isomeric naphthalene-diimide (NDI)-gelators. J Chem Sci 123, 963–973 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12039-011-0168-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12039-011-0168-2