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Role of Oxidative Stress in the Occurrence and Development of Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

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Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) causes recurrent apnea and intermittent hypoxia at night, leading to several complications such as cognitive dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive dysfunction in OSAS are unclear, and oxidative stress mediated by intermittent hypoxia is an important mechanism. In addition, the improvement of cognitive dysfunction in patients with OSAS varies by different treatment regimens; among them, continuous positive airway pressure therapy (CPAP) is mostly recognized for improving cognitive dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms of oxidative stress in OSAS, the common factors of affecting oxidative stress and the Links between oxidative stress and inflammation in OSAS, focusing on the potential links between oxidative stress and cognitive dysfunction in OSAS and the potential therapies for neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with OSAS mediated by oxidative stress. Therefore, further analysis on the relationship between oxidative stress and cognitive dysfunction in patients with OSAS will help to clarify the etiology and discover new treatment options, which will be of great significance for early clinical intervention.

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Abbreviations

OSAS:

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

CPAP:

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

nCPAP:

Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

AHI:

Apnea-Hypopnea Index

CIH:

Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia

ROS:

Reactive Oxygen Species

RNS:

Reactive Nitrogen Species

H2O2 :

Hydrogen Peroxide

NO:

Nitric Oxide

MDA:

Malonaldehyde

8-iso-PGF2α:

8-Isoprostaglandin F2α

oxLDL:

Oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein

TBARS:

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

TBA:

Thiobarbituric Acid

PGHS:

Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase

8-OHdG:

8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine

AOPP:

Advanced Oxidation Protein Products

GSH:

Reduced Glutathione

GSSG:

Oxidized Glutathione

IMA:

Ischemia-Modified Albumin

Trx:

Thioredoxin

SH:

Sulfhydryl

GR:

Glutathione Reductase

NADPH:

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate

GP1:

Glutathione Peroxidase-1

SOD:

Superoxide Dismutase

CAT:

Catalase

PON1:

Paraoxonase1

HO-1:

Heme Oxygenase-1

NQO1:

NADPH: Quinine Oxidoreductase

Prx2:

Peroxiredoxin2

GAPDH:

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Dehydrogenase

NOX:

NADPH Oxidase

HI 95:

Hypoxia-Inducible Gene

eCO:

Exhaled Carbon Monoxide

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

OSI:

Oxidative Stress Index

TAC:

Total Antioxidant Capacity

TAS:

Total Antioxidant Status

TOC:

Total Oxidative Capacity

TOS:

Total Oxidative Status

IH:

Intermittent Hypoxia

ROX:

Re-Oxygenation

XO:

Xanthine Oxidase

HIF-1α:

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α

ER:

Endoplasmic Reticulum

PKC:

Protein Kinase C

mTOR:

Mammalian Target of Rapamycin

CAMK:

Ca2+/calmodulin Kinase

Nrf2:

Nuclear Factor E2-Related Factor 2

Keap1:

Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein-1

ARE:

Antioxidant Response Element

Ngb:

Neuroglobin

PtO2:

Partial Oxygen Pressure

NLRP3:

Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain, Leucine-Rich Repeat and Pyrin Domain-Containing 3

mtROS:

Mitochondrial ROS

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1β

TNF-α:

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

IFN-γ:

Interferon-γ

ATP:

Adenosine Triphosphate

HSP:

Heat Shock Protein

PO2:

Partial Pressure of Oxygen

IP3:

Inositol-3-Phosphate

PARP:

Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase

OPCs:

Oligodendrocytes Precursor Cells

nDNA:

Nuclear DNA

AD:

Alzheimer's Disease

BDNF:

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

cAMP:

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate

PKA:

Protein Kinase A

CREB:

CAMP-Response Element Binding Protein

JNK:

C-Jun N-Terminal Kinase

P38MAPK:

P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase

Bax:

Proteins of the BCL2 Associated x

Bcl-2:

B-Cell Lymphoma-2

NMDAR:

NMDA Eeceptor

EPO:

Erythropoietin

GHRH:

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone

J1-34:

GHRH Agonists

SFN:

Sulforaphane

PCA:

Protocatechuic Acid

LBP:

Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharide

P2X7R:

P2X7 Receptor

NF-κB:

Nuclear Factor Kappa B

H2 :

Hydrogen

BBG:

Brilliant Blue G

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This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 82060218).

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  1. Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China

    XiaoPing Zhang, Hongyan Zhou, HaiJun Liu & Ping Xu

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Zhang, X., Zhou, H., Liu, H. et al. Role of Oxidative Stress in the Occurrence and Development of Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Mol Neurobiol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-023-03899-3

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