Abstract
Platelets (PLTs) are small anucleate blood cells that release from polyploidy megakaryocytes(MKs). PLT transfusion is standard therapy to prevent hemorrhage. PLT transfusion is donor‐dependent way which have limitations including the inadequate donor blood supply, poor quality, and issues related to infection and immunity. Overcoming these obstacles is possible with in vitro production of human PLTs. Currently several cells have been considered as source to in vitro production of PLTs such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, HSCs are a limited source for PLT production and large-scale expansion of HSC-derived PLT remains difficult. Alternative sources can be ESCs which have unlimited expansion capacity. But ESCs have ethical issues related to destroying human embryos. iPSCs are considered as an ideal unlimited source for PLT production. They are able to differentiate into any cells and have the capacity of self-renewal. Moreover, iPSCs can be acquired from any donor and easily manipulated. Due to new advances in development of MK cell lines, bioreactors, feeder cell-free production and the ability of large scale generation, iPSC-based PLTs are moving toward clinical applicability and considering the minimal risk of alloimmunization and tumorigenesis of these products, there is great hopefulness they will become the standard source for blood transfusions in the future. This review will focus on how to progress of in vitro generation of PLT from stem cell especially iPSCs and some of the successful strategies that can be easily used in clinic will be described.
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Abbreviations
- iPSCs:
-
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
- hiPSC:
-
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
- PLTs:
-
Platelets
- MKs:
-
Megakaryocytes
- PRP:
-
Platelet-Rich Plasma
- BM:
-
Bone marrow
- PB:
-
Peripheral Blood
- HLA:
-
Human Leukocyte Antigen
- HPA:
-
Human Platelet Antigen
- hPSCs:
-
Human pluripotent stem cells
- PTR:
-
Platelets Transfusion Refractoriness
- TRALI:
-
Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury
- UCB:
-
Umbilical Cord Blood
- HSCs:
-
Hematopoietic stem cells
- TPO:
-
Thrombopoietin
- SCF:
-
Stem Cell Factor
- ESCs:
-
Embryonic Stem Cells
- hESCs:
-
Human Embryonic Stem Cells
- VEGF:
-
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- ES-sacs:
-
Embryonic Stem Cell–Derived Sacs
- HPCs:
-
Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells
- TF:
-
Transcription Factors
- YFs:
-
Yamanaka factors
- EB:
-
Embryoid Body
- MEF:
-
Murine Embryonic Fibroblast
- HDF:
-
Human Dermal Fibroblasts
- ciPSCs:
-
Canine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
- imMKCLs:
-
Immortalize MK Progenitor Cell Line
- MK-FOP:
-
MK Forward Programming
- MMPs:
-
Matrix Metalloproteinase
- vWF:
-
Von Willebrand Factor
- GPIbα:
-
Platelet Glycoprotein Ibα
- GVHD:
-
Graft-versus-host disease
- B2M:
-
β2-Microglobulin
- KO:
-
Knockout
- CDC:
-
Cellular-dependent Cytotoxicity
- ADCC:
-
Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity
- FNAIT:
-
Fetal/neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia
- PTP:
-
Post-Transfusion Purpura
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We acknowledge the staffs of Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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EI and ZS were contributed in paper writing and generated figures. AAH were contributed in data discussion and revised the manuscript LPL and AA were contributed in revised the manuscript.
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Izady, E., Saltanatpour, Z., Liu, LP. et al. Toward in Vitro Production of Platelet from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev and Rep 18, 2376–2387 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-022-10366-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-022-10366-4