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Natural Scaffolds Used for Liver Regeneration: A Narrative Update

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Abstract

Annually chronic liver diseases cause two million death worldwide. Although liver transplantation (LT) is still considered the best therapeutic option, the limited number of donated livers and lifelong side effects of LT has led researchers to seek alternative therapies. Tissue engineering (TE) as a promising method is considered for liver repair and regeneration. TE uses natural or synthetic scaffolds, functional somatic cells, multipotent stem cells, and growth factors to develop new organs. Biological scaffolds are notable in TE because of their capacity to mimic extracellular matrices, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Moreover, natural scaffolds are classified based on their source and function in three separate groups. Hemostat-based scaffolds as the first group were reviewed for their application in coagulation in liver injury or surgery. Furthermore, recent studies showed improvement in the function of biological hydrogels in liver regeneration and vascularity. In addition, different applications of natural scaffolds were discussed and compared with synthetic scaffolds. Finally, we focused on the efforts to improve the performance of decellularized extracellular matrixes for liver implantation.

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Abbreviations

OLT:

Orthotopic Liver Transplant

MSCs:

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

ESCs:

Embryonic Stem Cells

iPSCs:

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

ECM:

Extracellular Matrices

dECM:

Decellularized Extracellular Matrices

MACS:

Microchanneled Alkylated Chitosan Sponge

PGMs:

Porous Gelatin Microspheres

mTG:

Microbial Transglutaminase Enzyme

GMA:

Gelatin Methacryloyl

HA:

Hyaluronic Acid

HAMA:

Cross-Linked Methacrylated HA

GHA:

Galactosylated HA

EGF:

Epidermal Growth Factor

VEGF:

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

PCL:

Polycaprolactone

PEO:

Polyethylene Oxide

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

    Masoud Vazirzadeh & Kamran Ghaedi

  2. Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Negar Azarpira

  3. Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran

    Parsa Davoodi & Massoud Vosough

  4. Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Massoud Vosough

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Vazirzadeh, M., Azarpira, N., Davoodi, P. et al. Natural Scaffolds Used for Liver Regeneration: A Narrative Update. Stem Cell Rev and Rep 18, 2262–2278 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-022-10362-8

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