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Impact of Combined Aerobic Training and Magnesium Supplementation on Serum Biomarkers and microRNA-155 and microRNA-21 Expression in Adipose Tissue of Type 2 Diabetic Rats: An Eight-Week Interventional Study

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Abstract

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. Aerobic training (AT) and magnesium supplementation (Mg) have both been independently shown to have beneficial effects on glucose control and insulin sensitivity in individuals with T2DM. However, the potential synergistic effects of combining AT and Mg supplementation have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an 8-week AT and Mg supplementation on serum levels of insulin, glucose, leptin, adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, as well as the expression of mir-155 and mir-21 in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of rats with T2DM.

Methods

For this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were induced with T2DM by a high-fat diet combined with a low-dose streptozotocin injection. The rats were randomly assigned to four groups: AT and Mg supplementation (AT + Mg), AT (5 days/week for 8 weeks), Mg supplementation (received daily supplementation of Mg chloride), and diabetic control (C). An 8-week AT program was implemented, with gradually increasing the intensity and duration to reach 25 m/min and 60 min in the 8th week, respectively. The training intensity was set at 50–60% of VO2max. The Mg groups were provided with rat diets containing 1000 mg/kg of Mg. The AT + Mg group received both interventions, while the C group served as the untreated control. Serum biomarkers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and VAT samples were collected for gene expression analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

Serum biomarker analysis revealed that the AT + Mg group had a significant decrease in fasting insulin (p = 0.001) and serum glucose (p = 0.001), as well as an increase in adiponectin levels compared to the C group (p = 0.002). Additionally, the AT + Mg group showed a significant reduction in serum leptin, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and NF-κB, as well as downregulation of mir-155 and mir-21 in the VAT compared to the other groups. The AT group also showed improvements in several parameters, while the Mg group had fewer significant differences compared to the C group.

Conclusion

The combination of AT and Mg supplementation provides a synergistic effect that improves serum biomarkers and downregulates pro-inflammatory microRNAs in the VAT of T2DM rats. Meanwhile, Mg supplementation alone does not have a significant effect on pro-inflammatory microRNAs in the VAT. These findings suggest that such combined interventions could be a promising strategy for managing T2DM, potentially ameliorating inflammatory states and improving metabolic health.

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Data Availability

No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Abbreviations

T2DM :

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

AT :

Aerobic Training

Mg :

Magnesium

VAT :

Visceral adipose tissue

TNF-α :

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

IL-1β :

Interleukin-1 beta

IL-6 :

Interleukin 6

NF-κB :

Nuclear factor kappa B

mir-21 :

microRNA 21

mir-155 :

microRNA 155

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Author information

Author notes

  1. Rastegar Hoseini

    Present address: Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, P.O. Box. 0776009060, Iran

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, University of Garmian, Garmian, 46021, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

    Rasha Raed Hamid

  2. Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, P.O. Box. 0776009060, Iran

    Rasha Raed Hamid

  3. Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, University of Halabja, Halabja, 46018, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

    Hiwa Ahmed Rahim

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Contributions

R.R.H. designed the study. H.A.R. experimented. RH. analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. R.R.H and R.H. were involved in the interpretation of data and reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rastegar Hoseini.

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Hamid, R.R., Hoseini, R. & Rahim, H.A. Impact of Combined Aerobic Training and Magnesium Supplementation on Serum Biomarkers and microRNA-155 and microRNA-21 Expression in Adipose Tissue of Type 2 Diabetic Rats: An Eight-Week Interventional Study. Biol Trace Elem Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04186-5

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