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A Mini Review on the Various Facets Effecting Brain Delivery of Magnesium and Its Role in Neurological Disorders

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Abstract

Magnesium is an essential cation present in the body that participates in the regulation of various vital body functions. Maintaining normal level of magnesium is essential for proper brain functions by regulating the activities of numerous neurotransmitters and their receptors. Various studies have been reported that magnesium level is found to be declined in both neurological and psychiatric diseases. Declined magnesium level in the brain initiates various cumbersome effects like excitotoxicity, altered blood–brain permeability, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which may further worsen the disease condition. Shreds of evidence from the experimental and clinical studies proved that exogenous administration of magnesium is useful for correcting disease-induced alterations in the brain. But one of the major limiting factors in the use of magnesium for treatment purposes is its poor blood–brain barrier permeability. Various approaches like the administration of its organic salts as pidolate and threonate forms, and the combination with polyethylene glycol or mannitol have been tried to improve its permeability to make magnesium as a suitable drug for different neurological disorders. These results have shown their experimental efficacy in diseased animal models, but studies regarding the safety and efficacy in human subjects are currently underway. We present a comprehensive review on the role of magnesium in the maintenance of normal functioning of the brain and various approaches for improving its BBB permeability.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Amrita School of Pharmacy, Kochi Kerala, for providing support and facilities for doing this review.

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  1. Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, India

    Aparna Ann Mathew & Rajitha Panonnummal

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All authors contributed to the review conception and design. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AAM, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Supervision and critical review of the article are done by RP. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Mathew, A.A., Panonnummal, R. A Mini Review on the Various Facets Effecting Brain Delivery of Magnesium and Its Role in Neurological Disorders. Biol Trace Elem Res 201, 4238–4253 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03517-8

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