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A critical review on 4D printing and their processing parameters

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Abstract

In recent years,4D printing domain is a growing part of additive manufacturing, received a great deal of interest because of its capacity to make products with the ability to alter form and demonstrate behavioural changes when reacts to stimuli from outside. 4D-printed constructions show smart behaviour with transformation as a function of time. In certain cases, the ideal arrangement of a 4D-printed structure cannot be obtained by merely subjecting the smart materials to an external stimulus. As a component of the interaction process, the stimulus being given must be administered in a particular order and over a sufficient quantity of time. Mathematics is required for 4D printing so as to create the material spread and framework required to accomplish the intended shape, property, or utility modification. Theoretical and numerical representations must be established in order to determine the interactions among four fundamental components: the structure of the material, desirable ultimate shape, material characteristics, and stimulus characteristics. This permits self-assembly, multifunction, and self-repair. This paper provides an in-depth examination of the 4D printing procedure, including a summary of the practical concepts, associated tools, processing parameters and future potential of the field.

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Mishra, A., Behera, A. A critical review on 4D printing and their processing parameters. Int J Interact Des Manuf (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-023-01685-y

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