Skip to main content
Log in

Optimized curing and coating of smart paints for surface temperature measurements

  • Published:
Journal of Coatings Technology and Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Excess thermal energy can cause significant damage to the mechanical parts of various systems. Temperature sensors can measure and control the temperature in these systems to prevent such damage. However, the applications of existing temperature sensors are limited by their shape as it limits their ability to attach to different surfaces. Consequently, it is challenging to measure the temperature of curved surfaces. In this study, we propose a smart paint that can measure the temperature of curved surfaces to address the above issues. The smart paint fabrication method must be optimized because the resistance characteristics of these paints differ according to the manufacturing conditions. In this study, a curing process was used to manufacture the smart paint; the optimal curing temperature and curing time were determined experimentally. Furthermore, a coating solution was applied to increase the surface stability of the fabricated paint. The coating was applied using a spin coater at a specific rotation time and speed. We also determined the optimal coating conditions. The coating was confirmed to increase the surface stability of the smart paint.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Tsai, JR, “Overview of Satellite Thermal Analytical Model.” J. Spacecr. Rockets, 41 (1) 120–125 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Yang, C, Hou, X, Wang, L, “Thermal Design, Analysis and Comparison on Three Concepts of Space Solar Power Satellite.” Acta Astronaut, 137 382–402 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Zhang, B, Lu, Z, Liu, Z, Liang, G, Chen, Y, “Investigation of a Vehicle Fire Caused by Manufacturing Defect.” Eng. Fail. Anal., 91 28–34 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kim, J, Oh, J, Lee, H, “Review on Battery Thermal Management System for Electric Vehicles.” Appl. Therm. Eng., 149 (25) 192–212 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Elhomdy, E, Liu, Z, Li, G, “Thermal and Mechanical Analysis of a 72/48 Switched Reluctance Motor for Low-speed Direct-drive Mining Applications.” Appl. Sci. Basel, 9 (3) 2722 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Nitani, M, Nakayama, K, Maeda, K, Omori, M, Uno, M, “Organic Temperature Sensors Based on Conductive Polymers Patterned by a Selective-wetting Method.” Org. Electron., 71 164–168 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Liu, D, Shi, P, Liu, Y, Zhang, Y, Tian, B, Ren, W, “Optimizing the Properties of La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 Thin Films Through Post-annealing for High-Temperature Sensing.” Nanomaterials, 11 (7) 1802 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Park, CY, Cho, JH, Kim, YS, Song, HJ, Kim, JD, “Low-cost Temperature Logger for a Polymerase Chain Reaction Thermal Cycler.” Appl. Sci. Basel, 6 (11) 328 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Jeon, S, Lim, SC, Trung, TQ, Jung, M, Lee, NE, “Flexible Multimodal Sensors for Electric Skin: Principle, Materials, Device, Array Architecture, and Data Acquisition Method.” Proc. IEEE, 107 (10) 2065–2083 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hu, YX, Wen, T, Fu, QY, Zhou, DX, Zheng, ZP, Luo, W, Zhao, J, “Preparation and Effects of Glass-coatings on Ba-TiO3-based PTC Thermistors.” J. Mater. Sci.: Mater Electron., 26 7784–78894 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Yeo, XY, Pecht, MG, “Tab Design and Failures in Cylindrical Li-ion Batteries.” IEEE Access, 7 24082–24095 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Qu, JJ, Li, S, Liu, F, Yuan, CL, Zhou, DJ, Li, HL, “Effect of Structures and Substrate Temperatures on BaZn0.06Bi0.94O3-δ perovskite-Based NTC Thermistor Thin Films.” Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process., 91 239–245 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hao, L, Ding, J, Yuan, N, Xu, J, Zhou, X, Dai, S, Chen, B, “Visual and Flexible Temperature Sensor Based on a Pectin-Xanthan Gum Blend Film.” Org. Electron., 59 243–246 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Han, DH, Kang, LH, “Piezoelectric Characteristics of PNN-PZT/Epoxy Paint Sensor According to the Poling Conditions.” Sens. Actuator A-Phys., 269 419–426 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wang, YR, Zheng, JM, Ren, GY, Xu, C, “A Flexible Piezoelectric Force Sensor Based on PVDF Fabrics.” Smart. Mater. Struct., 20 045009 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Li, H, Lim, S, “Boosting Performance of Self-polarized Fully Printed Piezoelectric Nanogenerators via Modulated Strength of Hydrogen Bonding Interactions.” Nanomaterials, 11 (8) 1908 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kim, SY, Choi, BG, Baek, WK, Park, SH, Park, SW, Shin, JW, Kang, I, “Impact Paint Sensor Based on Polymer/Multi-dimension Carbon Nano Isotopes Composites.” Smart. Mater. Struct., 28 (3) 035025 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Yang, C, Fritzen, CP, “Piezoelectric Paint: Characterization for Further Applications.” Smart. Mater. Struct., 21 045017 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Luo, Y, We, D, Zhao, Y, Chen, Q, Xie, Y, Wang, M, Lin, L, Wang, L, Sun, D, “Direct Write of a Flexible High-sensitivity Pressure Sensor with Fast Response for Electronic Skins.” Org. Electron., 67 10–18 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Klein, C, “Application of Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) for the Determination of the Instantaneous Pressure Field of Models in a Wind Tunnel.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 4 (2) 103–109 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Fang, S, Disotell, KJ, Long, SR, Gregory, JW, Semmelmayer, FC, Guyton, RW, “Application of Fast-responding Pressure-sensitive Paint to a Hemispherical Dome in Unsteady Transonic Flow.” Exp. Fluids, 50 1495–1505 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Huang, CY, Lin, ZC, Wu, MK, “Pressure-Sensitive Paint Measurements for Microscale Supersonic Flow with Wedge Modes.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 127 107713 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Souza, AVS, Valerio, A, Buske, JLO, Benedet, ME, Pistor, V, Machado, RAF, “Influence of Stabilizer Additives on Thermochromic Coating for Temperature Monitoring.” J. Coat. Technol. Res., 13 (6) 1139–1144 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Fomekong, RL, You, S, Enrichi, F, Vomiero, A, Saruhan, B, “Impact of Oxalate Ligand in Co-precipitation Route on Morphological Properties and Phase Constitution of Undoped and Rh-boped BaTiO3 Nanoparticles.” Nanomaterials, 9 (12) 1697 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hagendorf, C, Schindler, KM, Doegem, T, Neddermeyer, H, “Surface Physical Studies of Poly- and Single-crystalline BaTiO3.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 142 106–113 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Choi, I, Lee, SJ, Kim, JC, Kim, YG, Hyeon, DY, Hong, KS, Suh, J, Shin, D, Jeong, HY, Park, KI, “Piezoelectricity of Picosecond Laser-synthesized Perovskite BaTiO3 Nanoparticles.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 511 145614 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Chen, L, Jia, Y, Zhao, J, Ma, J, Wu, Z, Yuan, G, Cui, X, “Strong Piezocatalysis in Barium Titanate/Carbon Hybrid Nanocomposites for Dye Wastewater Decomposition.” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 586 758–765 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ahn, JH, Leeghim, H, Lee, CY, “Resistance Characteristics and Particle Arrangement of Smart Paint for Surface Temperature Sensor.” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 20 (7) 4263–4266 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Xie, SH, Zhu, BK, Wei, XZ, Xu, ZK, Xu, YY, “Polyimide/BaTiO3 Composites with Controllable Dielectric Properties.” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., 36 (8) 1152–1157 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Elbers, NA, Hoeven, JES, Winther, DAM, Schneijdenberg, CTWM, Linden, MN, Filion, L, Blaaderen, A, “Repulsive van der Waals Forces Enable Pickering Emulsions with Non-Touching Colloids.” R. Soc. Chem., 12 7265–7272 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Fathyunes, L, Azadbeh, A, Tanhaei, M, Sheykholeslami, SOR, “Study on an Elaborated Method to Improve Corrosion Resistance of Zinc Phosphate Coating.” J. Coat. Technol. Res., 14 (3) 709–720 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2019R1I1A3A01060180). This study was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (2021R1A5A1031868).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chang-Yull Lee.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ahn, JH., Cho, J.Y., Kim, J.H. et al. Optimized curing and coating of smart paints for surface temperature measurements. J Coat Technol Res 20, 1099–1109 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-022-00729-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-022-00729-4

Keywords

Navigation