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Complications of Spinal Cord Stimulators—A Comprehensive Review Article

  • Chronic Pain Medicine (A Kaye, Section Editor)
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Spinal cord stimulation has been increasing in influence as an option to regulate pain, especially in the chronic pain patient population. However, even with the numerous changes made to this technology since its inception, it is still prone to various complications such as hardware issues, neurological injury/epidural hematoma, infections, and other biological concerns. The purpose of this article is to thoroughly review and evaluate literature pertaining to the complications associated with percutaneous spinal cord stimulation.

Recent Findings

Lead migration is generally the most common complication of percutaneous spinal cord stimulation; however, recent utilization of various anchoring techniques has been discussed and experienced clinical success in decreasing the prevalence of lead migration and lead fractures. With newer high-frequency systems gaining traction to improve pain management and decrease complications as compared to traditional systems, rechargeable implantable pulse generators have been the preferred power source. However, recent findings may suggest that these rechargeable implantable pulse generators do not significantly increase battery life as much as was proposed. Intraoperative neuromonitoring has seen success in mitigating neurological injury postoperatively and may see more usage in the future through more testing. Though the occurrence of infection and biological complications, including dural puncture and skin erosion, has been less frequent over time, they should still be treated in accordance with established protocols.

Summary

While many complications can arise following percutaneous spinal cord stimulator implantation, the procedure is less invasive than open implantation and has seen largely positive patient feedback. Hardware complications, the more common issues that can occur, rarely indicate a serious risk and can generally be remedied through reoperation. However, less common cases such as neurological injury, infections, and biological complications require prompt diagnosis to improve the condition of the patient and prevent significant damage.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology, Valleywise Health Medical Center, Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA

    Sarang S. Koushik

  2. Pre-Medical Student, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Jagun Raghavan

  3. Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA

    Shreya Saranathan

  4. Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

    Kateryna Slinchenkova

  5. Innovative Pain and Wellness, LSU Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA

    Omar Viswanath

  6. Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

    Naum Shaparin

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S. Koushik, J. Raghavan, S. Saranathan, K. Slinchenkova, O. Viswanath, and N. Shaparin were all extensively involved in the writing, editing, and publication of this manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sarang S. Koushik.

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Koushik, S.S., Raghavan, J., Saranathan, S. et al. Complications of Spinal Cord Stimulators—A Comprehensive Review Article. Curr Pain Headache Rep 28, 1–9 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-023-01178-3

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