Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Genetics of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

  • Genetics (D Karasik and C Ackert-Bicknell, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Osteoporosis Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Intervertebral disc degeneration is a contributor to chronic back pain. While a part of the natural aging process, early or rapid intervertebral disc degeneration is highly heritable. In this review, we summarize recent progress towards unraveling the genetics associated with this degenerative process.

Recent Findings

Use of large cohorts of patient data to conduct genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for intervertebral disc disease, and to lesser extent for aspects of this process, such as disc height, has resulted in a large increase in our understanding of the genetic etiology. Genetic correlation suggests that intervertebral disc disease is pleiotropic with risk factors for other diseases such as osteoporosis. The use of Mendelian Randomization is slowly establishing what are the causal relationships between intervertebral disc disease and factors previously correlated with this disease.

Summary

The results from these human genetic studies highlight the complex nature of this disease and have the potential to lead to improved clinical management of intervertebral disc disease. Much additional work should now be focused on characterizing the causative relationship various co-morbid conditions have with intervertebral disc degeneration and on finding interventions to slow or halt this disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Hoy D, Bain C, Williams G, March L, Brooks P, Blyth F, Woolf A, Vos T, Buchbinder R. A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(6):2028–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.34347.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Dagenais S, Caro J, Haldeman S. A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally. Spine J. 2008;8(1):8–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2007.10.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Oichi T, Taniguchi Y, Oshima Y, Tanaka S, Saito T. Pathomechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration. JOR Spine. 2020;3(1):e1076. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsp2.1076.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJ, Benyamin RM, Hirsch JA. Epidemiology of low back pain in adults. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(Suppl 2):3–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.12018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Torgerson WR, Dotter WE. Comparative roentgenographic study of the asymptomatic and symptomatic lumbar spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(6):850–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Roberts S, Evans H, Trivedi J, Menage J. Histology and pathology of the human intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(Suppl 2):10–4. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.F.00019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. An HS, Masuda K, Inoue N. Intervertebral disc degeneration: biological and biomechanical factors. J Orthop Sci. 2006;11(5):541–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00776-006-1055-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhang S, Liu W, Chen S, Wang B, Wang P, Hu B, Lv X, Shao Z. Extracellular matrix in intervertebral disc: basic and translational implications. Cell Tissue Res. 2022;390:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-022-03662-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Battie MC, Videman T, Gibbons LE, Fisher LD, Manninen H, Gill K. 1995 Volvo Award in clinical sciences. Determinants of lumbar disc degeneration. A study relating lifetime exposures and magnetic resonance imaging findings in identical twins. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995;20(24):2601–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. • Trefilova VV, Shnayder NA, Petrova MM, Kaskaeva DS, Tutynina OV, Petrov KV, et al. The Role of Polymorphisms in Collagen-Encoding Genes in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Biomolecules. 2021;11(9) https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11091279. This paper is a comprehensive exploration of polymorphisms in structural collagen genes to test for association with disc degeneration. This study provides an excellent overview of the role of matrix structural gene contribution to the genetic etiology of disc degeneration.

  11. Dowdell J, Erwin M, Choma T, Vaccaro A, Iatridis J, Cho SK. Intervertebral Disk Degeneration and Repair. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(3S):S46–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyw078.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. • Cherif H, Mannarino M, Pacis AS, Ragoussis J, Rabau O, Ouellet JA, et al. Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis of Cells from Degenerating and Non-Degenerating Intervertebral Discs from the Same Individual Reveals New Biomarkers for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(7) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073993. In this study, the authors explored gene expression changes in the degenerating disc. They identify several pathways perturbated by this disease state.

  13. Boos N, Weissbach S, Rohrbach H, Weiler C, Spratt KF, Nerlich AG. Classification of age-related changes in lumbar intervertebral discs: 2002 Volvo Award in basic science. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002;27(23):2631–44. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200212010-00002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bhattacharjee M, Miot S, Gorecka A, Singha K, Loparic M, Dickinson S, das A, Bhavesh NS, Ray AR, Martin I, Ghosh S. Oriented lamellar silk fibrous scaffolds to drive cartilage matrix orientation: towards annulus fibrosus tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2012;8(9):3313–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.05.023.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Galbusera F, van Rijsbergen M, Ito K, Huyghe JM, Brayda-Bruno M, Wilke HJ. Ageing and degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc and their impact on spinal flexibility. Eur Spine J. 2014;23(Suppl 3):S324–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-014-3203-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Pezowicz CA, Robertson PA, Broom ND. Intralamellar relationships within the collagenous architecture of the annulus fibrosus imaged in its fully hydrated state. J Anat. 2005;207(4):299–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00467.x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Nguyen C, Poiraudeau S, Rannou F. Vertebral subchondral bone. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(Suppl 8):S857–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-2164-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang Y, Battie MC, Boyd SK, Videman T. The osseous endplates in lumbar vertebrae: thickness, bone mineral density and their associations with age and disk degeneration. Bone. 2011;48(4):804–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2010.12.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Nosikova YS, Santerre JP, Grynpas M, Gibson G, Kandel RA. Characterization of the annulus fibrosus-vertebral body interface: identification of new structural features. J Anat. 2012;221(6):577–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01537.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Martin JT, Wesorick B, Oldweiler AB, Kosinski AS, Goode AP, DeFrate LE. In vivo fluid transport in human intervertebral discs varies by spinal level and disc region. JOR Spine. 2022;5(2):e1199. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsp2.1199.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Urban JP, Smith S, Fairbank JC. Nutrition of the intervertebral disc. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(23):2700–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000146499.97948.52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wu Y, Loaiza J, Banerji R, Blouin O, Morgan E. Structure-function relationships of the human vertebral endplate. JOR Spine. 2021;4(3):e1170. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsp2.1170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Horner HA, Urban JP. 2001 Volvo Award Winner in Basic Science Studies: Effect of nutrient supply on the viability of cells from the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26(23):2543–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200112010-00006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Videman T, Battie MC, Gill K, Manninen H, Gibbons LE, Fisher LD. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and their relationships in the thoracic and lumbar spine. Insights into the etiopathogenesis of spinal degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995;20(8):928–35. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199504150-00009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rodriguez AG, Rodriguez-Soto AE, Burghardt AJ, Berven S, Majumdar S, Lotz JC. Morphology of the human vertebral endplate. J Orthop Res. 2012;30(2):280–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.21513.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Benneker LM, Heini PF, Alini M, Anderson SE, Ito K. 2004 Young Investigator Award Winner: vertebral endplate marrow contact channel occlusions and intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30(2):167–73. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000150833.93248.09.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Roughley PJ. Biology of intervertebral disc aging and degeneration: involvement of the extracellular matrix. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(23):2691–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000146101.53784.b1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Buckwalter JA, Roughley PJ, Rosenberg LC. Age-related changes in cartilage proteoglycans: quantitative electron microscopic studies. Microsc Res Tech. 1994;28(5):398–408. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070280506.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Duance VC, Crean JK, Sims TJ, Avery N, Smith S, Menage J, et al. Changes in collagen cross-linking in degenerative disc disease and scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998;23(23):2545–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199812010-00009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Nathan M, Pope MH, Grobler LJ. Osteophyte formation in the vertebral column: a review of the etiologic factors--Part II. Contemp Orthop. 1994;29(2):113–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Matsui H, Kanamori M, Ishihara H, Yudoh K, Naruse Y, Tsuji H. Familial predisposition for lumbar degenerative disc disease. A case-control study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998;23(9):1029–34. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199805010-00013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Matsui H, Terahata N, Tsuji H, Hirano N, Naruse Y. Familial predisposition and clustering for juvenile lumbar disc herniation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1992;17(11):1323–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199211000-00011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Varlotta GP, Brown MD, Kelsey JL, Golden AL. Familial predisposition for herniation of a lumbar disc in patients who are less than twenty-one years old. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73(1):124–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sambrook PN, MacGregor AJ, Spector TD. Genetic influences on cervical and lumbar disc degeneration: a magnetic resonance imaging study in twins. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(2):366–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(199902)42:2<366::AID-ANR20>3.0.CO;2-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Videman T, Battie MC, Ripatti S, Gill K, Manninen H, Kaprio J. Determinants of the progression in lumbar degeneration: a 5-year follow-up study of adult male monozygotic twins. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31(6):671–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000202558.86309.ea.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Williams FM, Popham M, Sambrook PN, Jones AF, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. Progression of lumbar disc degeneration over a decade: a heritability study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(7):1203–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.146001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Livshits G, Ermakov S, Popham M, Macgregor AJ, Sambrook PN, Spector TD, et al. Evidence that bone mineral density plays a role in degenerative disc disease: the UK Twin Spine study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(12):2102–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.131441.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Battie MC, Videman T, Levalahti E, Gill K, Kaprio J. Heritability of low back pain and the role of disc degeneration. Pain. 2007;131(3):272–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Livshits G, Popham M, Malkin I, Sambrook PN, Macgregor AJ, Spector T, et al. Lumbar disc degeneration and genetic factors are the main risk factors for low back pain in women: the UK Twin Spine Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(10):1740–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.137836.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Malis C, Rasmussen EL, Poulsen P, Petersen I, Christensen K, Beck-Nielsen H, Astrup A, Vaag AA. Total and regional fat distribution is strongly influenced by genetic factors in young and elderly twins. Obes Res. 2005;13(12):2139–45. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Liuke M, Solovieva S, Lamminen A, Luoma K, Leino-Arjas P, Luukkonen R, Riihimäki H. Disc degeneration of the lumbar spine in relation to overweight. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29(8):903–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802974.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Urquhart DM, Kurniadi I, Triangto K, Wang Y, Wluka AE, O'Sullivan R, et al. Obesity is associated with reduced disc height in the lumbar spine but not at the lumbosacral junction. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(16):E962–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000000411.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Zhou X, Cheung CL, Karasugi T, Karppinen J, Samartzis D, Hsu YH, Mak TSH, Song YQ, Chiba K, Kawaguchi Y, Li Y, Chan D, Cheung KMC, Ikegawa S, Cheah KSE, Sham PC. Trans-Ethnic Polygenic Analysis Supports Genetic Overlaps of Lumbar Disc Degeneration With Height, Body Mass Index, and Bone Mineral Density. Front Genet. 2018;9:267. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00267.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Bjornsdottir G, Benonisdottir S, Sveinbjornsson G, Styrkarsdottir U, Thorleifsson G, Walters GB, et al. Sequence variant at 8q24.21 associates with sciatica caused by lumbar disc herniation. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14265. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14265.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Ralston SH, Uitterlinden AG. Genetics of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2010;31(5):629–62. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0044.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Jones G, Nguyen T, Sambrook PN, Kelly PJ, Eisman JA. A longitudinal study of the effect of spinal degenerative disease on bone density in the elderly. J Rheumatol. 1995;22(5):932–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Miyakoshi N, Itoi E, Murai H, Wakabayashi I, Ito H, Minato T. Inverse relation between osteoporosis and spondylosis in postmenopausal women as evaluated by bone mineral density and semiquantitative scoring of spinal degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28(5):492–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000048650.39042.58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Schneider DL, Bettencourt R, Barrett-Connor E. Clinical utility of spine bone density in elderly women. J Clin Densitom. 2006;9(3):255–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2006.04.116.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Harada A, Okuizumi H, Miyagi N, Genda E. Correlation between bone mineral density and intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998;23(8):857–61; discussion 62. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199804150-00003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Castano-Betancourt MC, Oei L, Rivadeneira F, de Schepper EI, Hofman A, Bierma-Zeinstra S, et al. Association of lumbar disc degeneration with osteoporotic fractures; the Rotterdam study and meta-analysis from systematic review. Bone. 2013;57(1):284–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2013.08.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Stone MA, Osei-Bordom DC, Inman RD, Sammon C, Wolber LE, Williams FM. Heritability of spinal curvature and its relationship to disc degeneration and bone mineral density in female adult twins. Eur Spine J. 2015;24(11):2387–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-014-3477-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Battie MC, Ortega-Alonso A, Niemelainen R, Gill K, Levalahti E, Videman T, et al. Lumbar spinal stenosis is a highly genetic condition partly mediated by disc degeneration. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(12):3505–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.38823.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Longo UG, Denaro L, Spiezia F, Forriol F, Maffulli N, Denaro V. Symptomatic disc herniation and serum lipid levels. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(10):1658–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-011-1737-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Wang M, Si M, Li J, Hou Y, Jia J, Nie L. Serum lipid levels are positively correlated with lumbar disc herniation--a retrospective study of 790 Chinese patients. Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15:80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-016-0248-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Song YQ, Karasugi T, Cheung KM, Chiba K, Ho DW, Miyake A, et al. Lumbar disc degeneration is linked to a carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 variant. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(11):4909–17. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI69277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Williams FM, Bansal AT, van Meurs JB, Bell JT, Meulenbelt I, Suri P, et al. Novel genetic variants associated with lumbar disc degeneration in northern Europeans: a meta-analysis of 4600 subjects. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(7):1141–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201551.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. •• Bjornsdottir G, Stefansdottir L, Thorleifsson G, Sulem P, Norland K, Ferkingstad E, et al. Rare SLC13A1 variants associate with intervertebral disc disorder highlighting role of sulfate in disc pathology. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):634. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28167-1. This is the largest genome wide association study conducted todate for IVD. It is conducted in concert with dorsalgia/back pain and provides an unbiased examination of the genetic interplay between these two conditions.

  58. Munir S, Rade M, Maatta JH, Freidin MB, Williams FMK. Intervertebral Disc Biology: Genetic Basis of Disc Degeneration. Curr Mol Biol Rep. 2018;4(4):143–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40610-018-0101-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Tossell K, Andreae LC, Cudmore C, Lang E, Muthukrishnan U, Lumsden A, Gilthorpe JD, Irving C. Lrrn1 is required for formation of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and organiser through regulation of affinity differences between midbrain and hindbrain cells in chick. Dev Biol. 2011;352(2):341–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.02.002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Watabe K, Ito A, Asada H, Endo Y, Kobayashi T, Nakamoto K, et al. Structure, expression and chromosome mapping of MLZE, a novel gene which is preferentially expressed in metastatic melanoma cells. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2001;92(2):140–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01076.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Wu J, Sun Y, Xiong Z, Liu J, Li H, Liu Y, Li B, Jin T. Association of GSDMC polymorphisms with lumbar disc herniation among Chinese Han population. Int J Immunogenet. 2020;47(6):546–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/iji.12488.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Jones R, Wijesinghe S, Wilson C, Halsall J, Liloglou T, Kanhere A. A long intergenic non-coding RNA regulates nuclear localization of DNA methyl transferase-1. iScience. 2021;24(4):102273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Suri P, Palmer MR, Tsepilov YA, Freidin MB, Boer CG, Yau MS, Evans DS, Gelemanovic A, Bartz TM, Nethander M, Arbeeva L, Karssen L, Neogi T, Campbell A, Mellstrom D, Ohlsson C, Marshall LM, Orwoll E, Uitterlinden A, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of 158,000 individuals of European ancestry identifies three loci associated with chronic back pain. PLoS Genet. 2018;14(9):e1007601. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007601.

  64. Sanderson E. Multivariable Mendelian Randomization and Mediation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2021;11(2) https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a038984.

  65. Freidin MB, Tsepilov YA, Palmer M, Karssen LC, Suri P, Aulchenko YS, et al. Insight into the genetic architecture of back pain and its risk factors from a study of 509,000 individuals. Pain. 2019;160(6):1361–73. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001514.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Zhou J, Mi J, Peng Y, Han H, Liu Z. Causal Associations of Obesity With the Intervertebral Degeneration, Low Back Pain, and Sciatica: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:740200. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.740200.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Colorado Program for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave, MS8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA

    David C. Ou-Yang, Christopher J. Kleck & Cheryl L. Ackert-Bicknell

Authors
  1. David C. Ou-Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christopher J. Kleck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Cheryl L. Ackert-Bicknell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cheryl L. Ackert-Bicknell.

Ethics declarations

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Genetics

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ou-Yang, D.C., Kleck, C.J. & Ackert-Bicknell, C.L. Genetics of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Curr Osteoporos Rep 21, 56–64 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-022-00769-0

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-022-00769-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation