Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Worldwide Increasing Prevalence of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis as an Indication of Liver Transplantation: Epidemiological View and Implications

  • Published:
Current Hepatology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Propose of Review

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has progressively become one of the main causes of chronic liver disease (CLD) in transplant centers on all continents. Most epidemiological studies that demonstrate these trends are country-centered reports. For this reason, this review aimed to collect individual studies carried out in the last decades to appreciate the overwhelming dimension of the problem. Additionally, a summary of the prognostic impact of NAFLD and its comorbidities in the context of liver transplant setting was performed.

Recent Findings

Regardless of ethnicity, cultural background, socioeconomic status, or medical infrastructure disparities, the epidemic of obesity and DM has resulted in a drastic and progressive increase in the burden of NAFLD and is stepwise becoming the leading cause of LT worldwide. Although comorbidities will have an impact on pre-transplant morbidity and mortality, post-transplant outcomes are comparable to other etiologies of liver disease.

Summary

A multidisciplinary approach to these patients, the careful selection of candidates, and the potential benefit of emerging pharmacological therapies probably contribute to improving the overall prognosis both before and after liver transplantation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Abbreviations

BMI:

body mass index

DM:

diabetes mellitus

CI:

confidence interval

OR:

odds ratio

HCC:

hepatocellular carcinoma

NAFLD:

non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

NASH:

non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

CLD:

chronic liver disease

ALD:

alcohol liver disease

HCV:

hepatitis C virus

MELD:

model for end-stage liver disease

DAA:

direct-acting antiviral

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. El-Kassas M, Cabezas J, Coz PI, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current global burden. Semin Liver Dis. 2022;42:401–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. •• Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, et al. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology. 2023;77:1335–47. Very important meta-analysis tha highligted the global epidemiological burden of NAFLD.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2023;77:1797–835.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol. 2020;73:202–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. J Hepatol. 2023;79:1542–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Boppidi H, Daram SR. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: hepatic manifestation of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Postgrad Med. 2008;120:E01–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lazarus JV, Mark HE, Anstee QM, et al. Advancing the global public health agenda for NAFLD: a consensus statement. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19:60–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Tinajero MG, Malik VS. An update on the epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: a global perspective. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2021;50:337–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Lin X, Xu Y, Pan X, et al. Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025. Sci Rep. 2020;10:14790.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Sheka AC, Adeyi O, Thompson J, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a review. JAMA. 2020;323:1175–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. • Calzadilla Bertot L, Adams LA. The natural course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:774. A comprehensive in-depth review about the natural history cohort-studies in NAFLD.

  12. Huang DQ, Singal AG, Kono Y, et al. Changing global epidemiology of liver cancer from 2010 to 2019: NASH is the fastest growing cause of liver cancer. Cell Metab. 2022;34(969-977):e2.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Ong J, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the most rapidly increasing indication for liver transplantation in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(580-589):e5.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Estes C, Razavi H, Loomba R, et al. Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease. Hepatology. 2018;67:123–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Paik JM, Golabi P, Younossi Y, et al. Changes in the global burden of chronic liver diseases from 2012 to 2017: the growing impact of NAFLD. Hepatology. 2020;72:1605–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhou J, Zhou F, Wang W, et al. Epidemiological features of NAFLD from 1999 to 2018 in China. Hepatology. 2020;71:1851–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Holmer M, Melum E, Isoniemi H, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is an increasing indication for liver transplantation in the Nordic countries. Liver Int. 2018;38:2082–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. • Samji NS, Heda R, Satapathy SK. Peri-transplant management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in liver transplant candidates Transl. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5:10. A comprehensive review on peri-transplant management in NAFLD-related cirrosis.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980;55:434–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Afendy M, et al. Changes in the prevalence of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases in the United States from 1988 to 2008. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:524–530 e1; quiz e60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Charlton MR, Burns JM, Pedersen RA, et al. Frequency and outcomes of liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:1249–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Goldberg D, Ditah IC, Saeian K, et al. Changes in the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and alcoholic liver disease among patients with cirrhosis or liver failure on the waitlist for liver transplantation. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(1090-1099):e1.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Wong RJ, Aguilar M, Cheung R, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the second leading etiology of liver disease among adults awaiting liver transplantation in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:547–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Cholankeril G, Wong RJ, Hu M, et al. Liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the US: temporal trends and outcomes. Dig Dis Sci. 2017;62:2915–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. • Wong RJ, Singal AK. Trends in liver disease etiology among adults awaiting liver transplantation in the United States, 2014-2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e1920294. Update of liver disease etiology trends among adults awaiting LT in the United States.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Noureddin M, Vipani A, Bresee C, et al. NASH leading cause of liver transplant in women: updated analysis of indications for liver transplant and ethnic and gender variances. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113:1649–59.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. CIHI. Canadian institute for health information CORr. Methodological notes and supplementary infornation, 2009 to 2018. 2019. Available at: https://www.cihi.ca/en/organ-replacement-in-canada-corr-annual-statistics.

  28. Ivanics T, Shwaartz C, Claasen M, et al. Trends in indications and outcomes of liver transplantation in Canada: a multicenter retrospective study. Transpl Int. 2021;34:1444–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Swain MG, Ramji A, Patel K, et al. Burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Canada, 2019-2030: a modelling study. CMAJ Open. 2020;8:E429–36.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Pimpin L, Cortez-Pinto H, Negro F, et al. Burden of liver disease in Europe: epidemiology and analysis of risk factors to identify prevention policies. J Hepatol. 2018;69:718–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Durand F, Pavesi M, Cheung R. Liver transplantation for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in Europe: where do we stand? J Hepatol. 2019;71:240–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ferrarese A, Battistella S, Germani G, et al. Nash up, virus down: how the waiting list is changing for liver transplantation: a single center experience from Italy. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58:290.

  33. • Haldar D, Kern B, Hodson J, et al. Outcomes of liver transplantation for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a European Liver Transplant Registry study. J Hepatol. 2019;71:313–22. This study described the increasining proportion of LT performed for NAFLD-related cirrhosis and HCC in Europe using the European Liver Transplant Registry database.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Collaboration NCDRF. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. Lancet. 2016;387:1377–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Younossi Z, Tacke F, Arrese M, et al. Global perspectives on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2019;69:2672–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Calzadilla-Bertot L, Jeffrey GP, Jacques B, et al. Increasing incidence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis as an indication for liver transplantation in Australia and New Zealand. Liver Transpl. 2019;25:25–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Adams LA, Roberts SK, Strasser SI, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease burden: Australia, 2019-2030. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;35:1628–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Sun J, Tanaka J, Valenti L. The changing epidemiology of liver diseases in Asia. Liver Int. 2022;42:1926–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ozturk NB, Muhammad H, Gurakar M, et al. Liver transplantation in developing countries. Hepatol Forum. 2022;3:103–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. • Li J, Zou B, Yeo YH, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and outcome of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asia, 1999-2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;4:389–98. In-depth review that summarizes the progressive change in the etiology of chronic liver disease in Asia.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Nakatsuka T, Tateishi R, Koike K. Changing clinical management of NAFLD in Asia. Liver Int. 2022;42:1955–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Zhou F, Zhou J, Wang W, et al. Unexpected rapid increase in the burden of NAFLD in China From 2008 to 2018: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2019;70:1119–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Estes C, Anstee QM, Arias-Loste MT, et al. Modeling NAFLD disease burden in China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States for the period 2016-2030. J Hepatol. 2018;69:896–904.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Alqahtani SA, Broering DC, Alghamdi SA, et al. Changing trends in liver transplantation indications in Saudi Arabia: from hepatitis C virus infection to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2021;21:245.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Sanai FM, Al Khathlan A, Al Fadhli A, et al. Clinical and economic burden of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait. Hepatol Int. 2021;15:912–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Eshraghian A, Nikeghbalian S, Dehghani M, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the most rapidly growing indication for liver transplantation in Iranian patients. Exp Clin Transplant. 2022;20:487–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Serin A, Sahin T, Arikan BT, et al. A changing etiologic scenario in liver transplantation: a single-center cohort study From Turkey. Transplant Proc. 2019;51:2416–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Jothimani D, Danielraj S, Narasimhan G, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a rapidly increasing indication for liver transplantation in India. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022;12:908–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Park SH, Plank LD, Suk KT, et al. Trends in the prevalence of chronic liver disease in the Korean adult population, 1998-2017. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2020;26:209–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ito T, Ishigami M, Zou B, et al. The epidemiology of NAFLD and lean NAFLD in Japan: a meta-analysis with individual and forecasting analysis, 1995-2040. Hepatol Int. 2021;15:366–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. • Umeshita K, Eguchi S, Egawa H, et al. Liver transplantation in Japan: registry by the Japanese liver transplantation society. Hepatol Res. 2019;49:964–80. A comprehensive data of 67 LT centers from Japan.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Paruk IM, Pirie FJ, Motala AA. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Africa: a hidden danger. Glob Health Epidemiol Genom. 2019;4:e3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Spearman CW, Desalegn H, Ocama P, et al. The sub-Saharan Africa position statement on the redefinition of fatty liver disease: From NAFLD to MAFLD. J Hepatol. 2021;74:1256–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Gouda HN, Charlson F, Sorsdahl K, et al. Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990-2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7:e1375–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Vento S, Dzudzor B, Cainelli F, et al. Liver cirrhosis in sub-Saharan Africa: neglected, yet important. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6:e1060–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Song E, Fabian J, Boshoff PE, et al. Adult liver transplantation in Johannesburg, South Africa (2004 - 2016): balancing good outcomes, constrained resources and limited donors. S Afr Med J. 2018;108:929–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Diaz LA, Ayares G, Arnold J, et al. Liver diseases in Latin America: current status, unmet needs, and opportunities for improvement. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2022;20:261–78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Contreras AG, McCormack L, Andraus W, et al. Current status of liver transplantation in Latin America. Int J Surg. 2020;82S:14–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Diaz LA, Norero B, Lara B, et al. Prioritization for liver transplantation using the MELD score in Chile: inequities generated by MELD exceptions.: a collaboration between the Chilean Liver Transplant Programs, the Public Health Institute and the National Transplant Coordinator. Ann Hepatol. 2019;18:325–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Pinero F, Tisi Bana M, de Ataide EC, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: evaluation of the alpha-fetoprotein model in a multicenter cohort from Latin America. Liver Int. 2016;36:1657–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Haddad L, Marciano S, Cleres M, et al. Characteristics of liver transplantation in Argentina: a multicenter study. Transplant Proc. 2018;50:478–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Instituto Nacional Central Unico Coordinador de Ablación e Implante (INCUCAI). Sistema Nacional de información de Procuración y Trasplante de la República Argentina (SINTRA), Trasplante Hepático. Available at: https://sintra.incucai.gov.ar/

  63. Chagolla AGO-MA, Valenzuela-Valdes AK, Diaz-Garcia JD, Cordoba-Gallardo J. Changing trends in etiology-based chronic liver disease from 2000 through 2019 in Mexico: multicenter study. Hepatology. 2020;72(S1):383A–4A.

  64. O'Leary JG, Landaverde C, Jennings L, et al. Patients with NASH and cryptogenic cirrhosis are less likely than those with hepatitis C to receive liver transplants. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(700-704):e1.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Thuluvath PJ, Hanish S, Savva Y. Waiting list mortality and transplant rates for NASH cirrhosis when compared with cryptogenic, alcoholic, or AIH cirrhosis. Transplantation. 2019;103:113–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Nagai S, Collins K, Chau LC, et al. Increased risk of death in first year after liver transplantation among patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis vs liver disease of other etiologies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(2759-2768):e5.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Romero-Gomez M. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Med Clin (Barc). 2022;159:388–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Castera L, Cusi K. Diabetes and cirrhosis: current concepts on diagnosis and management. Hepatology. 2023;77:2128–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Delacote C, Favre M, El Amrani M, et al. Morbid obesity increases death and dropout from the liver transplantation waiting list: a prospective cohort study. United European Gastroenterol J. 2022;10:396–408.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Kardashian AA, Dodge JL, Roberts J, et al. Weighing the risks: morbid obesity and diabetes are associated with increased risk of death on the liver transplant waiting list. Liver Int. 2018;38:553–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Sundaram V, Kaung A, Rajaram A, et al. Obesity is independently associated with infection in hospitalised patients with end-stage liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42:1271–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Sundaram V, Jalan R, Shah P, et al. Acute on chronic liver failure from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a growing and aging cohort with rising mortality. Hepatology. 2021;73:1932–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. VanWagner LB, Lapin B, Skaro AI, et al. Impact of renal impairment on cardiovascular disease mortality after liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2015;35:2575–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Vanwagner LB, Bhave M, Te HS, et al. Patients transplanted for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are at increased risk for postoperative cardiovascular events. Hepatology. 2012;56:1741–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Sanyal AJ, Banas C, Sargeant C, et al. Similarities and differences in outcomes of cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2006;43:682–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Musso G, Gambino R, Tabibian JH, et al. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11:e1001680.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Targher G, Bertolini L, Rodella S, et al. Relationship between kidney function and liver histology in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:2166–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Marcuccilli M, Chonchol M. NAFLD and chronic kidney disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:562.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Wong F, Reddy KR, O'Leary JG, et al. Impact of chronic kidney disease on outcomes in cirrhosis. Liver Transpl. 2019;25:870–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Molinari M, Fernandez-Carrillo C, Dai D, et al. Portal vein thrombosis and renal dysfunction: a national comparative study of liver transplant recipients for NAFLD versus alcoholic cirrhosis. Transpl Int. 2021;34:1105–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Stine JG, Shah NL, Argo CK, et al. Increased risk of portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Liver Transpl. 2015;21:1016–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Lai JC, Sonnenday CJ, Tapper EB, et al. Frailty in liver transplantation: an expert opinion statement from the American Society of Transplantation Liver and Intestinal Community of Practice. Am J Transplant. 2019;19:1896–906.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Haugen CE, McAdams-DeMarco M, Holscher CM, et al. Multicenter study of age, frailty, and waitlist mortality among liver transplant candidates. Ann Surg. 2020;271:1132–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Sinclair M, Poltavskiy E, Dodge JL, et al. Frailty is independently associated with increased hospitalisation days in patients on the liver transplant waitlist. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23:899–905.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Lai JC, Feng S, Terrault NA, et al. Frailty predicts waitlist mortality in liver transplant candidates. Am J Transplant. 2014;14:1870–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Bhanji RA, Narayanan P, Moynagh MR, et al. Differing impact of sarcopenia and frailty in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl. 2019;25:14–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Ochoa-Allemant P, Trivedi HD, Saberi B, et al. Waitlist and posttransplantation outcomes of lean individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Transpl. 2023;29:145–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Barone M, Viggiani MT, Losurdo G, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: post-operative complications and mortality risk in liver transplant candidates with obesity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;46:236–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Dare AJ, Plank LD, Phillips AR, et al. Additive effect of pretransplant obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors on outcomes after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2014;20:281–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Tanaka T, Renner EL, Selzner N, et al. The impact of obesity as determined by modified body mass index on long-term outcome after liver transplantation: Canadian single-center experience. Transplant Proc. 2013;45:2288–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. LaMattina JC, Foley DP, Fernandez LA, et al. Complications associated with liver transplantation in the obese recipient. Clin Transplant. 2012;26:910–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Wang X, Li J, Riaz DR, et al. Outcomes of liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(394-402):e1.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Yong JN, Lim WH, Ng CH, et al. Outcomes of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis after liver transplantation: an updated meta-analysis and systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(45-54):e6.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Heimbach JK, Watt KD, Poterucha JJ, et al. Combined liver transplantation and gastric sleeve resection for patients with medically complicated obesity and end-stage liver disease. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:363–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Aminian A, Al-Kurd A, Wilson R, et al. Association of bariatric surgery with major adverse liver and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. JAMA. 2021;326:2031–42.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Safwan M, Collins KM, Abouljoud MS, et al. Outcome of liver transplantation in patients with prior bariatric surgery. Liver Transpl. 2017;23:1415–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Diwan TS, Rice TC, Heimbach JK, et al. Liver transplantation and bariatric surgery: timing and outcomes. Liver Transpl. 2018;24:1280–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Patton H, Heimbach J, McCullough A. AGA Clinical practice update on bariatric surgery in cirrhosis: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19:436–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Ricardo Capozza: crafting Fig. 2. Authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.

Funding

Fernando Javier Barreyro is supported by Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) through a research mandate.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Trasplante Hepatico, Sanatorio Parque., Bv Oroño 860, S2002KDT, 3300, Rosario, Santa Fé, Argentina

    Sebastián Ferretti

  2. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina

    Sebastián Ferretti

  3. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular (BIOTECMOL), Instituto de Biotecnología de Misiones “Dra. María Ebbe Reca” (InBioMis), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, 7 KM Route 12, National University of Misiones Campus, 3300, Garupá, Misiones, Argentina

    Fernando Javier Barreyro

  4. CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Fernando Javier Barreyro

Authors
  1. Sebastián Ferretti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fernando Javier Barreyro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

SF: interpretation of data and drafting of the manuscript and the guarantor of the article. FJB: critical revision of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sebastián Ferretti.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ferretti, S., Barreyro, F.J. Worldwide Increasing Prevalence of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis as an Indication of Liver Transplantation: Epidemiological View and Implications. Curr Hepatology Rep 23, 193–203 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11901-023-00628-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11901-023-00628-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation