Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Sex Differences in Atrial Fibrillation

  • Women and Cardiovascular Health (N Goldberg and S Lewis, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Cardiology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. The estimated lifetime risk of developing AF is higher in men; however, due to differences in life expectancy, the overall prevalence is higher among women, particularly in the older age group. Sex differences play an important role in the pathophysiology, presentation, and clinical outcomes of AF. Awareness of these differences minimizes the potential for disparities in AF management. Our review summarizes the current literature on sex differences in AF, including the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical symptomatology, mechanisms, treatment, and outcomes. We also explore the implications of these differences for clinical practice and future research.

Recent Findings

Women are more likely to present with atypical symptoms, have a higher stroke risk, and have a worse quality of life with AF when compared to men. Despite this, they are less likely to receive rhythm control strategies and anticoagulants.

Summary

The sex-based differences in AF pathology and management might be a combination of inherent biological and hormonal differences, and implicit bias of the research entities and treating clinicians. Our review stresses the need for further sex-specific research in the pathophysiology of AF and opens a dialogue on personalized medicine, where management strategies can be tailored to individual patient characteristics, including sex.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AAD:

Anti-arrhythmic drugs

CA:

Catheter ablation

LA:

Left atrium

DCCV:

Direct current cardioversion

LAAO:

Left atrial appendage occlusion

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance

  1. Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Cervellin G. Global epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: an increasing epidemic and public health challenge. Int J Stroke. 2021;16(2):217–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(10).

  3. Heeringa J, van der Kuip DAM, Hofman A, Kors JA, van Herpen G, Stricker BHCH, et al. Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study. Eur Heart J [Internet]. 2006;27(8):949–53. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/27/8/949/2887153. Accessed 20 Mar 2023.

  4. Feinberg WM, Blackshear JL, Laupacis A, Kronmal R, Hart RG. Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation. Analysis and implications. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(5):469–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Westerman S, Wenger N. Gender differences in atrial fibrillation: a review of epidemiology, management, and outcomes. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2019;15(2):136–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. • Camm CF, Lacey B, Massa MS, Von Ende A, Gajendragadkar P, Stiby A, et al. Independent effects of adiposity measures on risk of atrial fibrillation in men and women: a study of 0.5 million individuals. Int J Epidemiol. 2022;51(3):984–95. A large study studying adiposity and dives into sex differences in AF pathophysiology.

  7. Israeli A, Gal D, Younis A, Ehrenberg S, Rozner E, Turgeman Y, et al. Sex-differences in atrial fibrillation patients: bias or proper management? Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2022;18:347–58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Gleason KT, Dennison Himmelfarb CR, Ford DE, Lehmann H, Samuel L, Jain S, et al. Association of sex and atrial fibrillation therapies with patient-reported outcomes. Heart. 2019;105(21):1642–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Xiong Q, Proietti M, Senoo K, Lip GYH. Asymptomatic versus symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a systematic review of age/gender differences and cardiovascular outcomes. Int J Cardiol. 2015;191:172–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Lip GYH, Laroche C, Boriani G, Cimaglia P, Dan GA, Santini M, et al. Sex-related differences in presentation, treatment, and outcome of patients with atrial fibrillation in Europe: a report from the Euro Observational Research Programme Pilot survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Europace. 2015;17(1):24–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cheng X, Hu Q, Gao L, Liu J, Qin S, Zhang D. Sex-related differences in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace. 2019;21(10):1509–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Yong CM, Tremmel JA, Lansberg MG, Fan J, Askari M, Turakhia MP. Sex differences in oral anticoagulation and outcomes of stroke and intracranial bleeding in newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(10).

  13. Lee KK, Doudesis D, Bing R, Astengo F, Perez JR, Anand A, et al. Sex differences in oral anticoagulation therapy in patients hospitalized with atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(5).

  14. Volgman AS, Benjamin EJ, Curtis AB, Fang MC, Lindley KJ, Naccarelli GV, et al. Women and atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2021;32(10):2793–807.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Emdin CA, Wong CX, Hsiao AJ, Altman DG, Peters SA, Woodward M, et al. Atrial fibrillation as risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death in women compared with men: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ. 2016;19:h7013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dagres N, Nieuwlaat R, Vardas PE, Andresen D, Lévy S, Cobbe S, et al. Gender-related differences in presentation, treatment, and outcome of patients with atrial fibrillation in Europe: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(5):572–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Rienstra M, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Hagens VE, Ranchor AV, Veeger NJGM, Crijns HJGM, et al. Gender-related differences in rhythm control treatment in persistent atrial fibrillation: data of the Rate Control Versus Electrical Cardioversion (RACE) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(7):1298–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Dorian P, Paquette M, Newman D, Green M, Connolly SJ, Talajic M, et al. Quality of life improves with treatment in the Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation. Am Heart J. 2002;143(6):984–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hagens VE, Ranchor AV, Van Sonderen E, Bosker HA, Kamp O, Tijssen JGP, et al. Effect of rate or rhythm control on quality of life in persistent atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(2):241–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Lip GYH. The ABC pathway: an integrated approach to improve AF management. Nat Rev Cardiol [Internet]. 2017;14(11):627–8. Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/nrcardio.2017.153. Accessed 20 Mar 2023.

  21. Kirchhof P, Camm AJ, Goette A, Brandes A, Eckardt L, Elvan A, et al. Early rhythm-control therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(14):1305–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Calvert P, Farinha JM, Gupta D, Kahn M, Proietti R, Lip GYH. A comparison of medical therapy and ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2022;20(3):169–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Chen M, Li C, Liao P, Cui X, Tian W, Wang Q, et al. Epidemiology, management, and outcomes of atrial fibrillation among 30 million citizens in Shanghai, China from 2015 to 2020: A medical insurance database study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2022;23:100470.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. • Irimie DA, Sitar-Tăut AV, Caloian B, Frîngu F, Cismaru G, Roşu R, et al. Particularities of catheter ablation in women with atrial fibrillation and associated ischemic heart disease. J Clin Med. 2022;11(19). Creates a dialogue around women and catheter ablation.

  25. Groenveld HF, Crijns HJGM, Van den Berg MP, Van Sonderen E, Alings AM, Tijssen JGP, et al. The effect of rate control on quality of life in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation: data from the RACE II (Rate Control Efficacy in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation II) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(17):1795–803.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Shehab A, Zubaid M, Bhagavathula AS, Rashed WA, Alsheikh-Ali AA, AlMahmeed W, et al. Sex differences in management and outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation in the Middle East: Gulf survey of atrial fibrillation events (Gulf SAFE). PLoS ONE. 2017;12(5):e0175405.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Washam JB, Stevens SR, Lokhnygina Y, Halperin JL, Breithardt G, Singer DE, et al. Digoxin use in patients with atrial fibrillation and adverse cardiovascular outcomes: a retrospective analysis of the Rivaroxaban Once Daily Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF). Lancet. 2015;385(9985):2363–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Osman MH, Farrag E, Selim M, Osman MS, Hasanine A, Selim A. Cardiac glycosides use and the risk and mortality of cancer; systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(6):e0178611.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Wassertheil-Smoller S, McGinn AP, Martin L, Rodriguez BL, Stefanick ML, Perez M. The associations of atrial fibrillation with the risks of incident invasive breast and colorectal cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;185(5):372–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Piccini JP, Simon DN, Steinberg BA, Thomas L, Allen LA, Fonarow GC, et al. Differences in clinical and functional outcomes of atrial fibrillation in women and men: two-year results from the ORBIT-AF Registry. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(3):282–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Nowak B, Misselwitz B, Expert committee “Pacemaker” I of QAH, Erdogan A, Funck R, Irnich W, et al. Do gender differences exist in pacemaker implantation? –results of an obligatory external quality control program. Europace. 2010;12(2):210–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Wyse DG, Waldo AL, DiMarco JP, Domanski MJ, Rosenberg Y, Schron EB, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. New England Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 2002;347(23):1825–33. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa021328. Accessed 20 Mar 2023.

  33. Proietti M, Raparelli V, Basili S, Olshansky B, Lip GYH. Relation of female sex to left atrial diameter and cardiovascular death in atrial fibrillation: the AFFIRM Trial. Int J Cardiol. 2016;15(207):258–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kang DS, Kim D, Jang E, Yu HT, Kim TH, Pak HN, et al. Sex difference in effectiveness of early rhythm- over rate-control in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Clin Med. 2022;11(17).

  35. Makkar RR, Fromm BS, Steinman RT, Meissner MD, Lehmann MH. Female gender as a risk factor for torsades de pointes associated with cardiovascular drugs. JAMA. 1993;270(21):2590–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lehmann MH, Hardy S, Archibald D, Quart B, MacNeil DJ. Sex difference in risk of torsade de pointes with d, l-sotalol. Circulation. 1996;94(10):2535–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Essebag V, Reynolds MR, Hadjis T, Lemery R, Olshansky B, Buxton AE, et al. Sex differences in the relationship between amiodarone use and the need for permanent pacing in patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(15):1648–53.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Alegret JM, Viñolas X, Martínez-Rubio A, Pedrote A, Beiras X, García-Sacristán JF, et al. Gender differences in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing electrical cardioversion. J Womens Health. 2015;24(6):466–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Gurevitz OT, Varadachari CJ, Ammash NM, Malouf JF, Rosales AG, Herges RM, et al. The effect of patient sex on recurrence of atrial fibrillation following successful direct current cardioversion. Am Heart J. 2006;152(1):155.e9-13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hellman T, Kiviniemi T, Vasankari T, Nuotio I, Biancari F, Bah A, et al. Prediction of ineffective elective cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a retrospective multi-center patient cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017;17(1):33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Enriquez AD, Economy KE, Tedrow UB. Contemporary management of arrhythmias during pregnancy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7(5):961–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Cox JL, Gardner MJ. Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias during pregnancy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1993;36(2):137–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Wang YC, Chen CH, Su HY, Yu MH. The impact of maternal cardioversion on fetal haemodynamics. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006;126(2):268–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Page RL. Treatment of arrhythmias during pregnancy. Am Heart J. 1995;130(4):871–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Barnes EJ, Eben F, Patterson D. Direct current cardioversion during pregnancy should be performed with facilities available for fetal monitoring and emergency caesarean section. BJOG. 2002;109(12):1406–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Asad ZUA, Yousif A, Khan MS, Al-Khatib SM, Stavrakis S. Catheter ablation versus medical therapy for atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2019;12(9):e007414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Patel N, Deshmukh A, Thakkar B, Coffey JO, Agnihotri K, Patel A, et al. Gender, race, and health insurance status in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2016;117(7):1117–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Roten L, Rimoldi SF, Schwick N, Sakata T, Heimgartner C, Fuhrer J, et al. Gender differences in patients referred for atrial fibrillation management to a tertiary center. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(5):622–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Li H, Wang Z, Cheng Z, Zhu Y, Yuan Z, Gao J, et al. Sex differences involved in persistent atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency ablation. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2022;22(1):549.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Watanabe R, Nagashima K, Wakamatsu Y, Otsuka N, Yokoyama K, Matsumoto N, et al. Different determinants of the recurrence of atrial fibrillation and adverse clinical events in the mid-term period after atrial fibrillation Ablation. Circ J. 2022;86(2):233–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Vallakati A, Reddy M, Sharma A, Kanmanthareddy A, Sridhar A, Pillarisetti J, et al. Impact of gender on outcomes after atrial fibrillation ablation. Int J Cardiol. 2015;187:12–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Pak HN, Park JW, Yang SY, Kim M, Yu HT, Kim TH, et al. Sex differences in mapping and rhythm outcomes of a repeat atrial fibrillation ablation. Heart. 2021;107(23):1862–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Patel D, Mohanty P, Di Biase L, Sanchez JE, Shaheen MH, Burkhardt JD, et al. Outcomes and complications of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in females. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(2):167–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Campbell ML, Larson J, Farid T, Westerman S, Lloyd MS, Shah AD, et al. Sex-based differences in procedural complications associated with atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31(12):3176–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Mszar R, Friedman DJ, Ong E, Du C, Wang Y, Zeitler EP, et al. Sex-based differences in atrial fibrillation ablation adverse events. Heart. 2022.

  56. Zylla MM, Brachmann J, Lewalter T, Hoffmann E, Kuck KH, Andresen D, et al. Sex-related outcome of atrial fibrillation ablation: Insights from the German Ablation Registry. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13(9):1837–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Russo AM, Zeitler EP, Giczewska A, Silverstein AP, Al-Khalidi HR, Cha YM, et al. Association between sex and treatment outcomes of atrial fibrillation ablation versus drug therapy. Circulation. 2021;143(7):661–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Tse HF, Oral H, Pelosi F, Knight BP, Strickberger SA, Morady F. Effect of gender on atrial electrophysiologic changes induced by rapid atrial pacing and elevation of atrial pressure. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol [Internet]. 2001;12(9):986–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11573707. Accessed 20 Mar 2023.

  59. Cochet H, Mouries A, Nivet H, Sacher F, Derval N, Denis A, et al. Age, atrial fibrillation, and structural heart disease are the main determinants of left atrial fibrosis detected by delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in a general cardiology population. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2015;26(5):484–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Li Z, Wang Z, Yin Z, Zhang Y, Xue X, Han J, et al. Gender differences in fibrosis remodeling in patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. Oncotarget. 2017;8(32):53714–29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Zhu J, Zhuo K, Zhang B, Xie Z, Li W. Sex differences in epicardial adipose tissue: association with atrial fibrillation ablation outcomes. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:905351.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Smit MD, Crijns HJGM, Tijssen JGP, Hillege HL, Alings M, Tuininga YS, et al. Effect of lenient versus strict rate control on cardiac remodeling in patients with atrial fibrillation data of the RACE II (RAte Control Efficacy in permanent atrial fibrillation II) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(9):942–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Wong GR, Nalliah CJ, Lee G, Voskoboinik A, Chieng D, Prabhu S, et al. Sex-related differences in atrial remodeling in patients with atrial fibrillation: relationship to ablation outcomes. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2022;15(1):e009925.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lee SH, Tai CT, Hsieh MH, Tsao HM, Lin YJ, Chang SL, et al. Predictors of non-pulmonary vein ectopic beats initiating paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: implication for catheter ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(6):1054–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Nicolson TJ, Mellor HR, Roberts RRA. Gender differences in drug toxicity. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2010;31(3):108–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, Chen LY, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC, et al. 2019 AHA/ACC/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society in Collaboration with the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2019;140(2).

  67. Azenkot T, Schwarz EB. Special considerations for women of reproductive age on anticoagulation. J Gen Intern Med. 2022;37(11):2803–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Pancholy SB, Sharma PS, Pancholy DS, Patel TM, Callans DJ, Marchlinski FE. Meta-analysis of gender differences in residual stroke risk and major bleeding in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulants. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(3):485–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Proietti M, Cheli P, Basili S, Mazurek M, Lip GYH. Balancing thromboembolic and bleeding risk with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs): a systematic review and meta-analysis on gender differences. Pharmacol Res. 2017;117:274–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Moseley A, Doukky R, Williams KA, Jaffer AK, Volgman AS. Indirect comparison of novel oral anticoagulants in women with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Womens Health. 2017;26(3):214–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, Veenstra DL, Prabulos AM, Vandvik PO. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy. Chest. 2012;141(2):e691S-e736S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Holmes DR, Kar S, Price MJ, Whisenant B, Sievert H, Doshi SK, et al. Prospective randomized evaluation of the Watchman Left Atrial Appendage Closure device in patients with atrial fibrillation versus long-term warfarin therapy: the PREVAIL trial. J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. 2014;64(1):1–12. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24998121. Accessed 20 Mar 2023.

  73. Friedman DJ, Gaca JG, Wang T, Malaisrie SC, Holmes DR, Piccini JP, et al. Use of left atrial appendage occlusion among older cardiac surgery patients with preoperative atrial fibrillation: a national cohort study. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2020;57(3):399–407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Darden D, Duong T, Du C, Munir MB, Han FT, Reeves R, et al. Sex differences in procedural outcomes among patients undergoing left atrial appendage occlusion. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(11):1275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Price MJ, Valderrábano M, Zimmerman S, Friedman DJ, Kar S, Curtis JP, et al. Periprocedural pericardial effusion complicating transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion: a report from the NCDR LAAO Registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2022;15(5).

  76. Alkhouli M, Russo AM, Thaler D, Windecker S, Anderson JA, Gage R, et al. Sex differences in safety and effectiveness of LAAO: insights from the Amulet IDE Trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2022;15(21):2143–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, 11970 N. Central Expressway, Suite 540, Dallas/Austin, TX, USA

    Kamala P. Tamirisa & Amin Al-Ahmad

  2. Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK

    Peter Calvert & Dhiraj Gupta

  3. Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA

    Cicely Dye

  4. Yale Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Adriana C. Mares

  5. Cardiovascular Division, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA

    Andrea M. Russo

Authors
  1. Kamala P. Tamirisa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter Calvert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Cicely Dye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Adriana C. Mares
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Dhiraj Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Amin Al-Ahmad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Andrea M. Russo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kamala P. Tamirisa.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of Interest

KPT reports: Speaker for Abbott and Sanofi. DG reports: Speaker for Boehringer Ingelheim, Biosense Webster and Boston Scientific; proctor for Abbott; research Grants from Medtronic, Biosense Webster and Boston Scientific. AA reports: Consulting for Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Abbott, and Biosense Webster. AMR reports: Research support from Bayer, Boston Scientific, and Medtronic; consulting for Abbott, Atricure, Bayer, Biosense Webster, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, and Pacemate; honoraria for speaking from Abbott, Biotronik, BMS/Pfizer, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, and Sanofi; Royalties from Up-To-Date; fellowship support from Medtronic. Participation on Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Biosense Webster and NHLBI (REACT-AF). Leadership or fiduciary role – American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM). The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tamirisa, K.P., Calvert, P., Dye, C. et al. Sex Differences in Atrial Fibrillation. Curr Cardiol Rep 25, 1075–1082 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-023-01927-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-023-01927-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation