Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Optimizing Hypertension Control Globally: WHF Roadmap

  • Global Cardiovascular Health (L Sperling and D Gaita, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Cardiology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Hypertension represents the most important cardiovascular risk factor, affecting over 4.06 billion adults worldwide. In this review, we will discuss potential barriers and their solutions to improve prevention, detection, and management of hypertension.

Recent Findings

The prevalence of hypertension has been increasing in low- and middle-income countries, requiring new strategies to improve its recognition and proper management. The World Heart Federation (WHF) developed a roadmap for hypertension, advising health system policies and clinical practices as part of its commitment to improving global cardiovascular health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has published in 2021 practical guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults.

Summary

Identifying potential roadblocks and solutions deserves high priority to improve the detection, management, and control of hypertension.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Forouzanfar MH, Liu P, Roth GA, Ng M, Biryukov S, Marczak L, Alexander L, Estep K, Abate KH, Akinyemiju TF, Ali R, Alvis-Guzman N, Azzopardi P, Banerjee A, Bärnighausen T, Basu A, Bekele T, Bennett DA, Biadgilign S, Catalá-López F, Feigin VL, Fernandes JC, Fischer F, Gebru AA, Gona P, Gupta R, Hankey GJ, Jonas JB, Judd SE, Khang YH, et al. Global burden of hypertension and systolic blood pressure of at least 110 to 115mmHg, 1990–2015. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2017;317:165–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Stanaway JD, Afshin A, Gakidou E, Lim SS, Abate D, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdela J, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abebe M, Abebe Z, Abera SF, Abil OZ, Abraha HN, Abrham AR, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NME, Accrombessi MMK, Acharya D, Acharya P, Adamu AA, Adane AA, Adebayo OM, Adedoyin RA, Adekanmbi V, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Stu. Lancet. 2018;392:1923–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. •• Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, Barengo NC, Beaton A, Benjamin EJ, Benziger CP, Bonny A, Brauer M, Brodmann M, Cahill TJ, Carapetis JR, Catapano AL, Chugh S, Cooper LT, Coresh J, Criqui MH, DeCleene NK, Eagle KA, Emmons-Bell S, Feigin VL, Fernández-Sola J, Fowkes FGR, Gakidou E, Grundy SM, He FJ, Howard G, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2982–3021. (Findings from this study suggest a doubled prevalence of cardiovascular disease and a significant increase of disability-adjust life years from 1990 to 2019.)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Abdollahi M, Abdollahpour I, Abegaz KH, Abolhassani H, Aboyans V, Abreu LG, Abrigo MRM, Abualhasan A, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abushouk AI, Adabi M, Adekanmbi V, Adeoye AM, Adetokunboh OO, Adham D, Advani SM, Afshin A, Agarwal G, Aghamir SMK, Agrawal A, Ahmad T, Ahmadi K, Ahmadi M, Ahmadieh H, Ahmed MB, et al. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:1223–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Gaziano TA, Bitton A, Anand S, Weinstein MC. The global cost of nonoptimal blood pressure. J Hypertens. 2009;27:1472–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Zhou B, Bentham J, Di CM, Bixby H, Danaei G, Cowan MJ, Paciorek CJ, Singh G, Hajifathalian K, Bennett JE, Taddei C, Bilano V, Carrillo-Larco RM, Djalalinia S, Khatibzadeh S, Lugero C, Peykari N, Zhang WZ, Lu Y, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bovet P, Elliott P, Gu D, Ikeda N, Jackson RT, Joffres M, Kengne AP, Laatikainen T, Lam TH, et al. Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants. Lancet. 2017;389:37–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, Reed JE, Kearney PM, Reynolds K, Chen J, He J. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control. Circulation. 2016;134:441–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Anand TN, Joseph LM, Geetha A V., Prabhakaran D, Jeemon P. Task sharing with non-physician health-care workers for management of blood pressure in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Heal. The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license; 2019;7:e761–e771.

  9. Schutte AE, Srinivasapura Venkateshmurthy N, Mohan S, Prabhakaran D. Hypertension in low- and middle-income countries. Circ Res. 2021;128:808–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. World Health Organization WHO (2013)  Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013–2020. 2013.

  11. •• Jeemon P, Séverin T, Amodeo C, Balabanova D, Campbell NRC, Gaita D, Kario K, Khan T, Melifonwu R, Moran A, Ogola E, Ordunez P, Perel P, Piñeiro D, Pinto FJ, Schutte AE, Wyss FS, Yan LL, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D. World heart federation roadmap for hypertension – a. update. Glob Heart. 2021;2021:16. (The World Heart Federation Roadmap identify potential roadblocks and their solutions to improve the prevention, detection and management of cardiovascular diseases and provide a generic global framework available for local adaptation.)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, Alfonso F, Banning AP, Benedetto U, Byrne RA, Collet JP, Falk V, Head SJ, Jüni P, Kastrati A, Koller A, Kristensen SD, Niebauer J, Richter DJ, Seferovic PM, Sibbing D, Stefanini GG, Windecker S, Yadav R, Zembala MO, Wijns W, Glineur D, Aboyans V, Achenbach S, Agewall S, Andreotti F, Barbato E, Baumbach A, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:87–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Mancia G, Backer G De, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, Grassi G, Heagerty AM, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Narkiewicz K, Ruilope L, Rynkiewicz A, Schmieder RE, Boudier HAJS, Zanchetti A. Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2007

  14. Carey RM, Muntner P, Bosworth HB, Whelton PK. Prevention and control of hypertension: JACC health promotion series. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:1278–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Geleijnse JM, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE. Blood pressure response to changes in sodium and potassium intake: a metaregression analysis of randomised trials. J Hum Hypertens. 2003;17:471–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Aburto NJ, Ziolkovska A, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP, Meerpohl JJ. Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2013;346:1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Organization World Health, World Health Organization. Guideline: sodium intake for adults and children. World Heal Organ 2012;1–56.

  18. Mancia G, Backer G De, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, Grassi G, Heagerty AM, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Narkiewicz K, Ruilope L, Rynkiewicz A, Schmieder RE, Boudier HAJS, Zanchetti A. 2018 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2018

  19. Peng YG, Li W, Wen XX, Li Y, Hu JH, Zhao LC. Effects of salt substitutes on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100:1448–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bernabe-Ortiz A, Sal y Rosas VG, Ponce-Lucero V, Cárdenas MK, Carrillo-Larco RM, Diez-Canseco F, Pesantes MA, Sacksteder KA, Gilman RH, Miranda JJ. Effect of salt substitution on community-wide blood pressure and hypertension incidence. Nat Med Springer US; 2020;26:374–378.

  21. Filippini T, Violi F, D’Amico R, Vinceti M. The effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol Elsevier Ireland Ltd. 2017;230:127–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Poorolajal J, Zeraati F, Soltanian AR, Sheikh V, Hooshmand E, Maleki A. Oral potassium supplementation for management of essential hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2017;12:1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Maleki A, Soltanian AR, Zeraati F, Sheikh V, Poorolajal J. The flavor and acceptability of six different potassium-enriched (sodium reduced) iodized salts: a single-blind, randomized, crossover design. Clin Hypertens Clinical Hypertension. 2016;22:1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM,Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin PH, Karanja NP. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1117–1124.

  25. Guo R, Li N, Yang R, Liao XY, Zhang Y, Zhu BF, Zhao Q, Chen L, Zhang YG, Lei Y. Effects of the modified DASH diet on adults with elevated blood pressure or hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr. 2021;8:1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Pressure BB. Nihms911587.Pdf. 2018;70:2841–2848.

  27. Hollenberg NK. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet: editor’s comments. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2001;3:373.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Pearson-Stuttard J, Bandosz P, Rehm CD, Penalvo J, Whitsel L, Gaziano T, Conrad Z, Wilde P, Micha R, Lloyd-Williams F, Capewell S, Mozaffarian D, O’Flaherty M. Reducing US cardiovascular disease burden and disparities through national and targeted dietary policies: a modelling study. PLoS Med. 2017;14:1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Block JP, Subramanian SV. Moving beyond “food deserts”: reorienting United States policies to reduce disparities in diet quality. PLoS Med. 2015;12:1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Lewallen TC, Hunt H, Potts-Datema W, Zaza S, Giles W. The whole school, whole community, whole child model: a new approach for improving educational attainment and healthy development for students. J Sch Health. 2015;85:729–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Bracaglia. 乳鼠心肌提取 HHS public access. Physiol Behav 2017;176:139–148.

  32. Neter JE, Stam BE, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2003;42:878–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cornelissen VA, Smart NA. Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2:1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Carlson DJ, Dieberg G, Hess NC, Millar PJ, Smart NA. Isometric exercise training for blood pressure management: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc Elsevier. 2014;89:327–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Million Hearts. Million hearts website. 2022. https://millionhearts.hhs.gov (15 Mar 2022)

  36. Peng M, Wu S, Jiang X, Jin C, Zhang W. Long-term alcohol consumption is an independent risk factor of hypertension development in northern China: evidence from Kailuan study. J Hypertens. 2013;31:2342–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Roerecke M, Kaczorowski J, Tobe SW, Gmel G, Hasan OSM, Health M, Wales S, Wales NS. pressure : a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2018;2.

  38. Immurana M, Boachie MK, Iddrisu AA. The effects of tobacco taxation and pricing on the prevalence of smoking in Africa. Glob Heal Res Policy Global Health Research and Policy; 2021;6.

  39. Yang BY, Hu LW, Jalaludin B, Knibbs LD, Markevych I, Heinrich J, Bloom MS, Morawska L, Lin S, Jalava P, Roponen M, Gao M, Chen DH, Zhou Y, Yu HY, Liu RQ, Zeng XW, Zeeshan M, Guo Y, Yu Y, Dong GH. Association between residential greenness, cardiometabolic disorders, and cardiovascular disease among adults in China. JAMA Netw open. 2020;3: e2017507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Bellows AL, Spiegelman D, Du S, Jaacks LM. The association of cooking fuel use, dietary intake, and blood pressure among rural women in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Li L, Yang A, He X, Liu J, Ma Y, Niu J, Luo B. Indoor air pollution from solid fuels and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Pollut Elsevier Ltd; 2020;259:113914.

  42. Cai Y, Zhang B, Ke W, Feng B, Lin H, Xiao J, Zeng W, Li X, Tao J, Yang Z, Ma W, Liu T. Associations of short-term and long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2016;68:62–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Legorreta AP, Schaff SR, Leibowitz AN, Van MJ. Measuring the effects of screening programs in asymptomatic employees: detection of hypertension through worksite screenings. J Occup Environ Med. 2015;57:682–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Myers M. The great myth of office blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens. 2012;30:1894–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. WHO. Guideline for the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults. 2021.

  46. WHO. WHO medical device technical series. Med. Equip. manteinance Program. Overv. 2011.

  47. Physician HC, Unit MM, Hospital N. Systemic and pulmonary hypertension home blood pressure monitoring. 2015;95–101.

  48. Fleming S, Atherton H, Mccartney D, Hodgkinson J, Greenfield S, Hobbs FDR, Mant J, Mcmanus RJ, Thompson M, Ward A, Heneghan C. Self-screening and non-physician screening for hypertension in communities: a systematic review. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28:1316–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Dzudie A, Njume E, Mfekeu LK, Djomou A, Ba H, Ndom MS, Nkoke C, Ndongo S, Boombhi J, Kamdem F, Mouandjo JPD, Mouliom SA, Kouam CK, Meli H, Monkam Y, Awungia A, Serah A, Tantchou C, Ndjebet J, Menanga A, Beaney T, Clarke J, Poulter NR, Kengne AP, Kingue S. May measurement month 2019: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Cameroon. Eur Hear J Suppl. 2021;23:B33–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Resources H, Observer H, No S. Health workforce requirements for universal health coverage and the sustainable development goals. 2016;

  51. Gaziano TA, Abrahams-Gessel S, Denman CA, Montano CM, Khanam M, Puoane T, Levitt NS. An assessment of community health workers’ ability to screen for cardiovascular disease risk with a simple, non-invasive risk assessment instrument in Bangladesh, Guatemala, Mexico, and South Africa: An observational study. Lancet Glob Heal. 2015;3:e556–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Akinyemi RO, Owolabi MO, Adebayo PB, Akinyemi JO, Otubogun FM, Uvere E, Adeniji O, Adeleye O, Aridegbe O, Taiwo FT, Ogun SA, Ogunniyi A. Task-shifting training improves stroke knowledge among Nigerian non-neurologist health workers. J Neurol Sci. 2015;359:112–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Bengtson A, Drevenhorn E. The nurse’s role and skills in hypertension care: a review. Clin Nurse Spec. 2003;17:260–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. • Mills KT, Obst KM, Shen W, Molina S, Zhang HJ, He H, Cooper LA, He J. Comparative effectiveness of implementation strategies for blood pressure control in hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2018;168:110–20. (This systematic review and meta-analysis compares the effectiveness of strategies for blood pressure control in adults with hypertension and concludes that a multilevel, multicomponent strategies, followed by patient-level strategies are the most effective for blood pressure control.)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Himmelfarb CRD, Commodore-Mensah Y, Hill MN. Expanding the role of nurses to improve hypertension care and control globally. Ann Glob Heal Elsevier Inc; 2016;82:243–253.

  56. Zillich AJ, Sutherland JM, Kumbera PA, Carter BL. Hypertension outcomes through blood pressure monitoring and evaluation by pharmacists (HOME Study). J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20:1091–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Bajorek BV, LeMay KS, Magin PJ, Roberts C, Krass I, Armour CL. Management of hypertension in an Australian community pharmacy setting – patients’ beliefs and perspectives. Int J Pharm Pract. 2017;25:263–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Lamb SA, Al Hamarneh YN, Houle SK, Leung AA, Tsuyuki RT. Hypertension Canada’s, 2017 guidelines for diagnosis, risk assessment, prevention and treatment of hypertension in adults for pharmacists: an update Can Pharm J 2018;151:33-42.

  59. Santschi V, Chiolero A, Colosimo AL, Platt RW, Taffé P, Burnier M, Burnand B, Paradis G. Improving blood pressure control through pharmacist interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). FIP global pharmacy workforce report. Work Rep. 2012;2012:92.

    Google Scholar 

  61. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Control hypertension. Surg Gen Call to Action to Control Hypertens 2020;48.

  62. Jacob V, Chattopadhyay SK. Hopkins DP, Reynolds JA, Xiong KZ, Jones CD, Rodriguez J, Proia KK, Pronk NP, Clymer JM. Findings from community guide systematic reviews. 2020;56.

  63. Teo K, Chow CK, Vaz M, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Islam S, Zhang M, Dehghan M, DeJesus J, Mackie P, Michael J, Oldfield W, Kay I, Zafar S, Faroghi N, Williams D, McQueen M, Hall K, Keys J, Wang X, Diaz R, Maldonado N, Neimann G, Rahman O, Yusuf R, Azad AK, Khan MU, Rabbani KA, Cherry HM, Tooheen RB, et al. The prospective urban rural epidemiology (PURE) study: examining the impact of societal influences on chronic noncommunicable diseases in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Am Heart J Mosby, Inc.; 2009;158:7.e1.

  64. Organization WH. The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 2019 (including the 21st WHO model list of essential medicines and the 7th WHO model list of essential medicines for children). World Health Organization; 2019.

  65. Redón J, Coca A, Lázaro P, Aguilar MD, Cabañas M, Gil N, Sánchez-Zamorano MÁ, Aranda P. Factors associated with therapeutic inertia in hypertension: validation of a predictive model. J Hypertens. 2010;28:1770–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Josiah Willock R, Miller JB, Mohyi M, Abuzaanona A, Muminovic M, Levy PD. Therapeutic inertia and treatment intensification Robina. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018;20.

  67. Faria C, Wenzel M, Lee K, Coderre K, Nichols J, Belletti D. A narrative review of clinical inertia: focus on hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2009;3:267–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Egan BM, Bandyopadhyay D, Shaftman SR, Wagner CS, Zhao Y, Yu-Isenberg KS. Initial monotherapy and combination therapy and hypertension control the first year. Hypertension. 2012;59:1124–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Mancia G, Parati G, Bilo G, Choi J, Kilama MO, Ruilope LM. Blood pressure control by the nifedipine GITS-telmisartan combination in patients at high cardiovascular risk: the TALENT study. J Hypertens. 2011;29:600–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Webster R, Salam A, De SHA, Selak V, Stepien S, Rajapakse S, Amarasekara S, Amarasena N, Billot L, De SAP, Fernando M, Guggilla R, Jan S, Jayawardena J, Maulik PK, Mendis S, Mendis S, Munasinghe J, Naik N, Prabhakaran D, Ranasinghe G, Thom S, Tisserra N, Senaratne V, Wijekoon S, Wijeyasingam S, Rodgers A, Patel A. Fixed low-dose triple combination antihypertensive medication vs usual care for blood pressure control in patients with mild to moderate hypertension in Sri Lanka a randomized clinical trial. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2018;320:566–79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Lung T, Jan S, Silva HA de, Guggilla R, Maulik PK, Naik N, Patel A, Silva AP de, Rajapakse S, Ranasinghe G, Prabhakaran D, Rodgers A, Salam A, Selak V, Stepien S, Thom S, Webster R, Lea-Laba T. Fixed-combination, low-dose, triple-pill antihypertensive medication versus usual care in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension in Sri Lanka: a within-trial and modelled economic evaluation of the TRIUMPH trial. Lancet Glob Heal The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license; 2019;7:e1359–e1366.

  72. Naheed A, Haldane V, Jafar TH, Chakma N, Legido-Quigley H. Patient pathways and perceptions of hypertension treatment, management, and control in rural bangladesh: A qualitative study. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2018;12:1437–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Peacock E, Krousel-Wood M. Adherence to antihypertensive therapy. Med Clin North Am Elsevier Inc; 2017;101:229–245.

  74. Beaney T, Burrell LM, Castillo RR, Charchar FJ, Cro S, Damasceno A, Kruger R, Nilsson PM, Prabhakaran D, Ramirez AJ, Schlaich MP, Schutte AE, Tomaszewski M, Touyz R, Wang JG, Weber MA, Poulter NR, Burazeri G, Qirjako G, Roshi E, Cunashi R, Fernandes MJCC, Pereira SSV, Neto MFMP, Oliveira PNM, Feijão ACG, Cerniello Y, Marin MJ, Vasquez FG, Espeche WG, et al. May measurement month 2018: a pragmatic global screening campaign to raise awareness of blood pressure by the international society of hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:2006–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Tajeu GS, Kent ST, Kronish IM, Huang L, Krousel-Wood M, Bress AP, Shimbo D, Muntner P. Trends in antihypertensive medication discontinuation and low adherence among medicare beneficiaries initiating treatment from 2007 to 2012. Hypertension. 2016;68:565–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Krousel-Wood M, Joyce C, Holt E, Muntner P, Webber LS, Morisky DE, Frohlich ED, Re RN. Predictors of decline in medication adherence: results from the cohort study of medication adherence among older adults. Hypertension. 2011;58:804–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Poulter NR, Borghi C, Parati G, Pathak A, Toli D, Williams B, Schmieder RE. Medication adherence in hypertension. J Hypertens. 2020;38:579–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Lasco G, Mendoza J, Renedo A, Seguin ML, Palafox B, Palileo-Villanueva LM, Amit AML, Dans AL, Balabanova D, McKee M. Nasa dugo (it’s in the blood’): lay conceptions of hypertension in the Philippines. BMJ Glob Heal. 2020;5:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Geldsetzer P, Manne-Goehler J, Marcus ME, Ebert C, Zhumadilov Z, Wesseh CS, Tsabedze L, Supiyev A, Sturua L, Bahendeka SK, Sibai AM, Quesnel-Crooks S, Norov B, Mwangi KJ, Mwalim O, Wong-McClure R, Mayige MT, Martins JS, Lunet N, Labadarios D, Karki KB, Kagaruki GB, Jorgensen JMA, Hwalla NC, Houinato D, Houehanou C, Msaidié M, Guwatudde D, Gurung MS, Gathecha G, et al. The state of hypertension care in 44 low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of nationally representative individual-level data from 1·1 million adults. Lancet. 2019;394:652–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Odusola AO, Stronks K, Hendriks ME, Schultsz C, Akande T, Osibogun A, Weert H van, Haafkens JA. Enablers and barriers for implementing high-quality hypertension care in a rural primary care setting in Nigeria: perspectives of primary care staff and health insurance managers. Glob Health Action 2016;9.

  81. Bray EP, Holder R, Mant J, McManus RJ. Does self-monitoring reduce blood pressure? Meta-analysis with meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Ann Med. 2010;42:371–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Ogedegbe G, Schoenthaler A. A systematic review of the effects of home blood pressure monitoring on medication adherence. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2006;8:174–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. McManus RJ, Mant J, Haque MS, Bray EP, Bryan S, Greenfield SM, Jones MI, Jowett S, Little P, Penaloza C, Schwartz C, Shackleford H, Shovelton C, Varghese J, Williams B, Hobbs FDR. Effect of self-monitoring and medication self-titration on systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: the TASMIN-SR randomized clinical trial. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2014;312:799–808.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. McManus RJ, Mant J, Franssen M, Nickless A, Schwartz C, Hodgkinson J, Bradburn P, Farmer A, Grant S, Greenfield SM, Heneghan C, Jowett S, Martin U, Milner S, Monahan M, Mort S, Ogburn E, Perera-Salazar R, Shah SA, Yu LM, Tarassenko L, Hobbs FDR, Bradley B, Lovekin C, Judge D, Castello L, Dawson M, Brice R, Dunbabin B, Maslen S, et al. Efficacy of self-monitored blood pressure, with or without telemonitoring, for titration of antihypertensive medication (TASMINH4): an unmasked randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391:949–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Milani RV, Lavie CJ, Bober RM, Milani AR, Ventura HO. Improving hypertension control and patient engagement using digital tools. Am J Med Elsevier Inc; 2017;130:14–20.

  86. Mengden T, Ewald S, Kaufmann S, vor dem Esche J, Uen S, Vetter H. Telemonitoring of blood pressure self measurement in the OLMETEL study. Blood Press Monit 2004;9.

  87. De LN, Izzo R, Iaccarino G, Malini PL, Morisco C, Rozza F, Iovino GL, Rao MAE, Bodenizza C, Lanni F, Guerrera L, Arcucci O, Trimarco B. The use of a telematic connection for the follow-up of hypertensive patients improves the cardiovascular prognosis. J Hypertens. 2005;23:1417–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. McKinstry B, Hanley J, Wild S, Pagliari C, Paterson M, Lewis S, Sheikh A, Krishan A, Stoddart A, Padfield P. Telemonitoring based service redesign for the management of uncontrolled hypertension: multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2013;346:1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Omboni S, Gazzola T, Carabelli G, Parati G. Clinical usefulness and cost effectiveness of home blood pressure telemonitoring: meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. J Hypertens. 2013;31:455–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Sheppard JP, Tucker KL, Davison WJ, Stevens R, Aekplakorn W, Bosworth HB, Bove A, Earle K, Godwin M, Green BB, Hebert P, Heneghan C, Hill N, Hobbs FDR, Kantola I, Kerry SM, Leiva A, Magid DJ, Mant J, Margolis KL, Mckinstry B, Mclaughlin MA, Mcnamara K, Omboni S, Ogedegbe O, Parati G, Varis J, Verberk WJ, Wakefield BJ, Mcmanus RJ. Self-monitoring of blood pressure in patients with hypertension-related multi-morbidity: systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens. 2020;33:243–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Paré G, Jaana M, Sicotte C. Systematic review of home telemonitoring for chronic diseases: the evidence base. J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 2007;14:269–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Bosworth HB, Powers BJ, Olsen MK, McCant F, Grubber J, Smith V, Gentry PW, Rose C, Van HC, Wang V, Goldstein MK, Oddone EZ. Home blood pressure management and improved blood pressure control: results from a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:1173–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Lu X, Yang H, Xia X, Lu X, Lin J, Liu F, Gu D. Interactive mobile health intervention and blood pressure management in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2019;74:697–704.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Albini F, Liu X, Torlasco C, Soranna D, Faini A, Ciminaghi R, Celsi A, Benedetti M, Zambon A, Rienzo M Di, Parati G. An ICT and mobile health integrated approach to optimize patients’ education on hypertension and its management by physicians: the patients optimal strategy of treatment (POST) pilot study. Proc Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc EMBS IEEE; 2016;517–520.

  95. Dayer L, Heldenbrand S, Anderson P, Gubbins PO, Martin BC. Smartphone medication adherence apps: potential benefits to patients and providers. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2013;53:172–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Buis LR, Artinian NT, Schwiebert L, Yarandi H, Levy PD. Text messaging to improve hypertension medication adherence in african americans: Bpmed intervention development and study protocol. JMIR Res Protoc. 2015;4:1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Rehman H, Kamal AK, Morris PB, Sayani S, Merchant AT, Virani SS. Mobile health (mHealth) technology for the management of hypertension and hyperlipidemia: slow start but loads of potential. Curr Atheroscler Rep Current Atherosclerosis Reports; 2017;19.

  98. Anchala R, Pinto MP, Shroufi A, Chowdhury R, Sanderson J, Johnson L, Blanco P, Prabhakaran D, Franco OH. The role of decision support system (DSS) in prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012;7.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculdade de Medicina, Serviço de Cardiologia, Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa-CCUL, CAML, Universidade de Lisboa, Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria-CHULN, Lisboa, Portugal

    Beatriz Silva & Fausto J. Pinto

Authors
  1. Beatriz Silva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fausto J. Pinto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fausto J. Pinto.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Beatriz Silva declares no conflict of interest. Fausto J. Pinto reports personal fees from Ferrer, Vifor, and Servier, outside the submitted work.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of Topical Collection on Global Cardiovascular Health

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Silva, B., Pinto, F.J. Optimizing Hypertension Control Globally: WHF Roadmap. Curr Cardiol Rep 24, 2057–2066 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-022-01807-0

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-022-01807-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation