Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

How ANGPTL3 Inhibition Will Help Our Clinical Practice?

  • Published:
Current Atherosclerosis Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This review aims to summarize the most recently published literature highlighting the potential of pharmacological inhibition of ANGPTL3 in treating patients suffering from dyslipidemias. The rational for this strategy will be discussed considering evidence describing the role of ANGPTL3 in lipid metabolism and the consequences of its deficiency in humans.

Recent Findings

Recent trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of ANGPTL3 inhibition in treating homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia even in those patients carrying biallelic null/null variants, thus supporting the notion that the LDL-lowering effect of ANGPLT3 inhibition is LDLR-independent. The use of ANGPTL3 inhibition strategies has expanded its indications in hypertrygliceridemic patients with functional lipoprotein lipase activity. Contemporarily, the pharmacological research is exploring novel approaches to ANGPTL3 inhibition such as the use of a small interfering RNA targeting the ANGPTL3 transcript in the liver, a protein-based vaccine against ANGPTL3, and a CRISP-Cas-9 method for a liver-selective knock-out of ANGPTL3 gene.

Summary

First, we will describe the molecular function of ANGPTL3 in lipoprotein metabolism. Then, we will revise the clinical characteristics of individuals carrying loss-of-function mutations of ANGPTL3, a rare condition known as familial hypobetalipoproteinemia type 2 (FHBL2) that represents a unique human model of ANGPTL3 deficiency. Finally, we will examine the lipid-lowering potential of pharmacological inhibition of ANGPTL3 based on the results of clinical trials employing Evinacumab, the first approved fully humanized monoclonal antibody against ANGPTL3. The future perspectives for ANGPTL3 inhibition will also be revised.

Graphical Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Silverman MG, Ference BA, Im K, et al. Association between lowering LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;316(12):1289–97. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2016.13985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis. 2019;290(1):140–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATHEROSCLEROSIS.2019.08.014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Giugliano RP, Pedersen TR, Park JG, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of achieving very low LDL-cholesterol concentrations with the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab: a prespecified secondary analysis of the FOURIER trial. Lancet (London, England). 2017;390(10106):1962–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32290-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Thedrez A, Blom DJ, Ramin-Mangata S, et al. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia patients with identical mutations variably express the LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor): implications for the efficacy of Evolocumab. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018;38(3):592–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.310217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bansal S, Ruzza A, Sawhney JPS, et al. Evolocumab in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in India. J Clin Lipidol. 2021;15(6):814–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACL.2021.10.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Glavinovic T, et al. Apolipoprotein B particles and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(12):1287–95. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMACARDIO.2019.3780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Pinzon Grimaldos A, Bini S, Pacella I, et al. The role of lipid metabolism in shaping the expansion and the function of regulatory T cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 2022;208(2):181–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/cei/uxab033.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Feingold KR. Introduction to Lipids and Lipoproteins. MDText.com, Inc.; 2000. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305896/. Accessed August 29, 2021.

  9. Björnson E, Adiels M, Taskinen MR, Borén J. Kinetics of plasma triglycerides in abdominal obesity. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2017;28(1):11–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000375.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Borén J, Taskinen MR, Björnson E, Packard CJ. Metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in health and dyslipidaemia. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41569-022-00676-Y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Klop B, Proctor SD, Mamo JC, Botham KM, Castro Cabezas M. Understanding postprandial inflammation and its relationship to lifestyle behaviour and metabolic diseases. Int J Vasc Med. 2012;2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/947417.

  12. Lopez-Miranda J, Williams C, Larion D. Dietary, physiological, genetic and pathological influences on postprandial lipid metabolism. Br J Nutr. 2007;98(3):458–73. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711450774268X.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Berry SE, Valdes AM, Drew DA, et al. Human postprandial responses to food and potential for precision nutrition. Nat Med. 2020;26(6):964–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41591-020-0934-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhang R, Zhang K. An updated ANGPTL3–4–8 model as a mechanism of triglyceride partitioning between fat and oxidative tissues. Prog Lipid Res. 2021;85. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PLIPRES.2021.101140.

  15. Bini S, D’Erasmo L, Di Costanzo A, Minicocci I, Pecce V, Arca M. The interplay between angiopoietin-like proteins and adipose tissue: another piece of the relationship between adiposopathy and cardiometabolic diseases? Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(2):1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020742.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tikkanen E, Minicocci I, Hällfors J, et al. Metabolomic signature of angiopoietin-like protein 3 deficiency in fasting and postprandial state. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39(4):665–74. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.118.312021.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Banfi S, Gusarova V, Gromada J, et al. Increased thermogenesis by a noncanonical pathway in ANGPTL3/8-deficient mice. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717420115.

  18. Minicocci I, Montali A, Robciuc MR, et al. Mutations in the ANGPTL3 gene and familial combined hypolipidemia: a clinical and biochemical characterization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(7):E1266–75. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-1298.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Conklin D, Gilbertson D, Taft DW, et al. Identification of a mammalian angiopoietin-related protein expressed specifically in liver. Genomics. 1999;62(3):477–82. https://doi.org/10.1006/GENO.1999.6041.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Quagliarini F, Wang Y, Kozlitina J, et al. Atypical angiopoietin-like protein that regulates ANGPTL3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(48):19751–6. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1217552109.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Inaba T, Matsuda M, Shimamura M, et al. Angiopoietin-like protein 3 mediates hypertriglyceridemia induced by the liver X receptor. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(24):21344–51. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M213202200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Li H, Liu J. The novel function of HINFP as a co-activator in sterol-regulated transcription of PCSK9 in HepG2 cells. Biochem J. 2012;443(3):757–68. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20111645.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Minicocci I, Tikka A, Poggiogalle E, et al. Effects of angiopoietin-like protein 3 deficiency on postprandial lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. J Lipid Res. 2016;57(6):1097–107. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.P066183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Li Y, Sun L, Xu H, et al. Angiopoietin-like protein 3 modulates barrier properties of human glomerular endothelial cells through a possible signaling pathway involving phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B and integrin alphaVbeta3. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2008;40(6):459–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-7270.2008.00421.X.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Shimamura M, Matsuda M, Kobayashi S, et al. Angiopoietin-like protein 3, a hepatic secretory factor, activates lipolysis in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;301(2):604–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(02)03058-9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ono M, Shimizugawa T, Shimamura M, et al. Protein region important for regulation of lipid metabolism in angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3): ANGPTL3 is cleaved and activated in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(43):41804–9. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M302861200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Chen YQ, Pottanat TG, Siegel RW, et al. Angiopoietin-like protein 8 differentially regulates ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 during postprandial partitioning of fatty acids. J Lipid Res. 2020;61(317):jlr.RA120000781. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.ra120000781.

  28. Camenisch G, Pisabarro MT, Sherman D, et al. ANGPTL3 Stimulates endothelial cell adhesion and migration via integrin αvβ3 and induces blood vessel formation in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(19):17281–90. https://doi.org/10.1074/JBC.M109768200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bini S, Pecce V, Di Costanzo A, et al. The fibrinogen-like domain of ANGPTL3 facilitates lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells by activating the intracellular erk pathway. Biomolecules. 2022;12(4):585. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12040585.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Fujimoto K, Koishi R, Shimizugawa T, Ando Y. Angptl3-null mice show low plasma lipid concentrations by enhanced lipoprotein lipase activity. Exp Anim. 2006;55(1):27–34. https://doi.org/10.1538/EXPANIM.55.27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Wang Y, Gusarova V, Banfi S, Gromada J, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. Inactivation of ANGPTL3 reduces hepatic VLDL-triglyceride secretion. J Lipid Res. 2015;56(7):1296–307. https://doi.org/10.1194/JLR.M054882.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wang Y, McNutt MC, Banfi S, et al. Hepatic ANGPTL3 regulates adipose tissue energy homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(37):11630–5. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515374112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kathiresan S, Melander O, Guiducci C, et al. Six new loci associated with blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides in humans. Nat Genet. 2008;40(2):189–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/NG.75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Musunuru K, Pirruccello JP, Do R, et al. Exome sequencing, ANGPTL3 mutations, and familial combined hypolipidemia. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2220–7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1002926.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Minicocci I, Santini S, Cantisani V, et al. Clinical characteristics and plasma lipids in subjects with familial combined hypolipidemia: a pooled analysis. J Lipid Res. 2013;54(12):3481–90. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.P039875.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Fazio S, Sidoli A, Vivenzio A, et al. A form of familial hypobetalipoproteinaemia not due to a mutation in the apolipoprotein B gene. J Intern Med. 1991;229(1):41–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2796.1991.TB00304.X.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Arca M, D’Erasmo L, Minicocci I. Familial combined hypolipidemia : ANGPTL3 deficiency. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2020;31(2):41–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000668.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Di Costanzo A, Di Leo E, Noto D, et al. Clinical and biochemical characteristics of individuals with low cholesterol syndromes: a comparison between familial hypobetalipoproteinemia and familial combined hypolipidemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2017;11(5):1234–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2017.06.013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. D’Erasmo L, Neufeld T, Di Martino M, et al. The impact of ANGPTL3 deficiency on hepatic steatosis: Observations from carriers of loss-of-function mutations. Atherosclerosis. 2020;315: e17. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATHEROSCLEROSIS.2020.10.064.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Stitziel NO, Khera AV, Wang X, et al. ANGPTL3 deficiency and protection against coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(16):2054–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.030.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Dewey FE, Gusarova V, Dunbar RL, et al. Genetic and pharmacologic inactivation of ANGPTL3 and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(3):211–21. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1612790.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Gusarova V, Alexa CA, Wang Y, et al. ANGPTL3 blockade with a human monoclonal antibody reduces plasma lipids in dyslipidemic mice and monkeys. J Lipid Res. 2015;56(7):1308–17. https://doi.org/10.1194/JLR.M054890.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. •• Ahmad Z, Banerjee P, Hamon S, et al. Inhibition of angiopoietin-like protein 3 with a monoclonal antibody reduces triglycerides in hypertriglyceridemia. Circulation. 2019;140(6):470–86. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039107. This paper shows the results of 2 Phase 1 studies proving the efficacy and safety of in hypertriglyceridemic subjects showing comparable results that that observed in carrying loss of function mutations in ANGPTL3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. •• Raal FJ, Rosenson RS, Reeskamp LF, et al. Evinacumab for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(8):711–20. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2004215. This Phase III trials showed that homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia receiving maximum doses of lipid-lowering therapy plus Evinacumab had a 49% reduction from baseline in LDL-C at 24 weeks as compared the small increase in the placebo group.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. • Reeskamp LF, Millar JS, Wu L, et al. ANGPTL3 inhibition with evinacumab results in faster clearance of IDL and LDL apoB in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia-brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2021;41(5):1753–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315204. In this small kinetic study, ANGPTL3 inhibition with evinacumab associates with an increase in the fractional catabolic rate of IDL apoB and LDL apoB.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Evkeeza: Pending EC decision | European Medicines Agency. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/evkeeza. Accessed June 7, 2021.

  47. Rosenson RS, Burgess LJ, Ebenbichler CF, et al. Evinacumab in patients with refractory hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(24):2307–19. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2031049.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Prakash TP, Graham MJ, Yu J, et al. Targeted delivery of antisense oligonucleotides to hepatocytes using triantennary N-acetyl galactosamine improves potency 10-fold in mice. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42(13):8796–807. https://doi.org/10.1093/NAR/GKU531.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Wang Y, Yu RZ, Henry S, Geary RS. Pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology considerations of GalNAc 3-conjugated antisense oligonucleotides. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2019;15(6):475–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2019.1621838.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Foss-Freitas MC, Akinci B, Neidert A, et al. Selective targeting of angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) with vupanorsen for the treatment of patients with familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD): results of a proof-of-concept study. Lipids Health Dis. 2021;20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12944-021-01589-4.

  51. Gaudet D, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, Baum SJ, Hurh E, Kingsbury J, Bartlett VJ, Figueroa AL, Piscitelli P, Singleton W, Witztum JL, Geary RS, Tsimikas S. Louis St. L O'Dea, the Vupanorsen Study Investigators, Vupanorsen, an N-acetyl galactosamine-conjugated antisense drug to ANGPTL3 mRNA, lowers triglycerides and atherogenic lipoproteins in patients with diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(40):3936–3945. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa689.

  52. Bergmark BA, Marston NA, Bramson CR, et al. Effect of vupanorsen on non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in statin-treated patients with elevated cholesterol: TRANSLATE-TIMI 70. Circulation. 2022;145(18):1377–86. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059266.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Xu YX, Redon V, Yu H, et al. Role of angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) in regulating plasma level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Atherosclerosis. 2018;268:196–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.031.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Raal FJ, Kallend D, Ray KK, et al. Inclisiran for the treatment of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1520–30. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1913805.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ray KK, Wright RS, Kallend D, et al. Two phase 3 trials of inclisiran in patients with elevated LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1912387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Fukami H, Morinaga J, Nakagami H, et al. Vaccine targeting ANGPTL3 ameliorates dyslipidemia and associated diseases in mouse models of obese dyslipidemia and familial hypercholesterolemia. Cell Rep Med. 2021;2(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.XCRM.2021.100446.

  57. Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012;337(6096):816–21. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.1225829.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Zalatan JG, Lee ME, Almeida R, et al. Engineering complex synthetic transcriptional programs with CRISPR RNA scaffolds. Cell. 2015;160(1–2):339–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CELL.2014.11.052.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Chadwick AC, Evitt NH, Lv W, Musunuru K. Reduced blood lipid levels with in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 base editing of ANGPTL3. Circulation. 2018;137(9):975–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. D’Erasmo L, Bini S, Arca M. Rare treatments for rare dyslipidemias: new perspectives in the treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) and familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS). Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2021;23(11):65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-021-00967-8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. D’Erasmo L, Minicocci I, Nicolucci A, et al. Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia: long-term cardiovascular outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(3):279–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.028.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Moulin P, Dufour R, Averna M, et al. Identification and diagnosis of patients with familial chylomicronaemia syndrome (FCS): Expert panel recommendations and proposal of an “FCS score.” Atherosclerosis. 2018;275:265–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATHEROSCLEROSIS.2018.06.814.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. D’Erasmo L, Di Costanzo A, Cassandra F, et al. Spectrum of mutations and long-term clinical outcomes in genetic chylomicronemia syndromes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39(12):2531–41. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313401.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Translational and Precision Medicine (DTPM), Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I.- Viale Dell’Univerisità, 37 - 00161, Rome, Italy

    Simone Bini, Daniele Tramontano, Ilenia Minicocci, Alessia Di Costanzo, Federica Tambaro, Laura D’Erasmo & Marcello Arca

Authors
  1. Simone Bini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daniele Tramontano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ilenia Minicocci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Alessia Di Costanzo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Federica Tambaro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Laura D’Erasmo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Marcello Arca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Laura D’Erasmo.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Laura D’Erasmo has received personal fees for public speaking, consultancy or grant support from Amryt Pharmaceuticals, Akcea Therapeutics, Pfizer, Amgen, SOBI and Sanofi.

Marcello Arca has received research grant support from Amryt Pharmaceutical, Amgen, IONIS, Akcea Therapeutics, Pfizer and Sanofi; has served as a consultant for Amgen, Aegerion, Akcea Therapeutics, Regeneron, Sanofi and Alfasigma and received lecturing fees from Amgen, Amryt Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Sanofi and AlfaSigma.

Simone Bini has received personal fees for public speaking from Akcea Therapeutics and SOBI.

The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bini, S., Tramontano, D., Minicocci, I. et al. How ANGPTL3 Inhibition Will Help Our Clinical Practice?. Curr Atheroscler Rep 25, 19–29 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-022-01076-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-022-01076-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation