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Olfactory Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury: the Role of Neurogenesis

  • Rhinosinusitis (J Mullol, Section Editor)
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Olfactory functioning disturbances are common following traumatic brain injury (TBI) having a significant impact on quality of life. A spontaneous recovery of the olfactory function over time may occur in TBI patients. Although there is no standard treatment for patients with posttraumatic olfactory loss, olfactory training (OT) has shown some promise beneficial effects. However, the mechanisms underlying spontaneous recovery and olfactory improvement induced by OT are not completely known.

Recent Findings

The spontaneous recovery of the olfactory function and the improvement of olfactory function after OT have recently been associated with an increase in subventricular (SVZ) neurogenesis and an increase in olfactory bulb (OB) glomerular dopaminergic (DAergic) interneurons. In addition, after OT, an increase in electrophysiological responses at the olfactory epithelium (OE) level has been reported, indicating that recovery of olfactory function not only affects olfactory processing at the central level, but also at peripheral level. However, the role of OE stem cells in the spontaneous recovery and in the improvement of olfactory function after OT in TBI is still unknown.

Summary

In this review, we describe the physiology of the olfactory system, and the olfactory dysfunction after TBI. We highlight the possible role for the SVZ neurogenesis and DAergic OB interneurons in the recovery of the olfactory function. In addition, we point out the relevance of the OE neurogenesis process as a future target for the research in the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the olfactory dysfunction in TBI. The potential of basal stem cells as a promising candidate for replacement therapies is also described.

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  1. INGENIO, IRCE, Department 2B, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    Concepció Marin, Cristóbal Langdon, Isam Alobid & Joaquim Mullol

  2. Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain

    Concepció Marin, Cristóbal Langdon, Isam Alobid & Joaquim Mullol

  3. Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    Cristóbal Langdon, Isam Alobid & Joaquim Mullol

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  1. Concepció Marin
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Dr. Alobid reports personal fees from Roche, personal fees from Menarini, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Novartis, and personal fees from MSD, outside the submitted work. Dr. Mullol reports personal fees and other from Sanofi-Genzyme & Regeneron, personal fees and other from Novartis, personal fees and other from Allakos, grants and personal fees from Mylan Pharma, grants and personal fees from Uriach Group, personal fees from Mitsubishi-Tanabe, personal fees from Menarini, personal fees from UCB, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from GSK, and personal fees from MSD, outside the submitted work. Dr. Marin and Dr. Langdon declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this manuscript.

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Marin, C., Langdon, C., Alobid, I. et al. Olfactory Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury: the Role of Neurogenesis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 20, 55 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-020-00949-x

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