Brand experience manual: bridging the gap between brand strategy and customer experience

The importance of customer experiences in developing strong brands is broadly acknowledged in the Branding literature. Yet, the divide between the functions managing the brand and those responsible for devising the interactions through which customers experience the brand persists. This paper aims to bridge the gap between Brand Strategy and Customer Experience by introducing the concept of the Brand Experience Manual. Through practice-based design research, this paper describes the development of a Brand Experience Manual over four iteration cycles. Throughout this process, this paper explores ways of conveying the experience proposition made by the brand, developing a framework for defining and a tool for communicating the Brand Experience Proposition to the teams responsible for the New Service Development. Additionally, this paper offers a theoretical basis for the advancement of a customer experience-centric approach to Branding.


Introduction
Customer experience plays an important role in brands and the formation of brand equity (Aaker 1991;Grönroos 2007;de Chernatony 2010;Kapferer 2011;Keller 2013). Brands emerge from the continuous interactions between the proposition made by an organization, as manifested through its offerings, and customers' experiences resulting from their encounters with these value propositions (Iglesias and Bonet 2012). In this context, Service Design offers a user-centric approach to 1 3 service innovation (Yu and Sangiorgi 2014) that supports the development of the service offerings that bring the brand to life. Conversely, brands' strong link to business strategy (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2000) can help inform Service Design processes, for "if service design is to be used in substantial and not in a decorative manner it has to be connected to the business strategies" (Mager 2009, p. 35).
Greater integration between Service Design and Branding practices may benefit both fields. However, a study by Forrester Research found that only 18% of organizations use the brand to inform customer experience strategy, indicating a gap between the functions that manage the brand and those that design the interactions through which customers experience the brand (Munchbach 2014). A similar issue was found in a study addressing the usability of brand manuals for the design of service experiences (Motta-Filho 2012). Because "qualitative brand descriptions are transformed into value-based design features" (Karjalainen and Snelders 2010, p. 8) during the early stages of the New Services Development (NSD) process (Clatworthy 2013), it is essential that design teams have proper brand input. Yet, Motta-Filho found that contemporary brand manuals do no address these needs, as they do not inform the experience the brand seeks to deliver.
To facilitate the translation of brand strategy into customer experience, this research addresses the gap between the brand strategy and the NSD process by developing a new kind of brand manual, one that focuses on the experience proposition made by the brand (i.e., Brand Experience Proposition) and which is capable of informing the teams responsible for the NSD process (i.e., NSD teams) of the experience they should design for: a Brand Experience Manual. The present paper thus answers the question, "How can we bridge the gap between the brand strategy and the NSD process?" using practice-based design research (Nowotny 2004;Saikaly 2005) exploring (a) how to translate the brand strategy into an experiential expression of the brand proposition and (b) how to convey this Brand Experience Proposition to the NSD teams.
The present paper contributes to the scant research on the intersection of Branding and Service Design (Clatworthy 2012), providing tools to bridge the gap between brand strategy and the design process, and defending a stronger link between the fields. Using practice-based design research to develop a Service Design based framework, this paper provides a variation of Research through Design, which, when applied in the business context, supports the creation of new knowledge in the context of application (Nowotny 2004). By making the design project an integral part of the research process (Saikaly 2005;Sevaldson 2010), such a methodology has the potential to answer questions that focus not only on understanding the world but also on proposing new solutions; thus, the methodology is particularly adequate to answer the research question.
The following section presents the theoretical basis on which the present research builds. Next, the practice-based design research methodology is further detailed. The fourth chapter describes the research process, and the subsequent sections introduce the main design outcomes (i.e., the Brandslation framework and Brand Experience Manual). Then, the research findings emerging from the design interventions are discussed, and the last chapter concludes by reviewing the outcomes and suggesting an agenda for future research.

Brand and experiences
In the literature, brands are often conceptualized from two main perspectives: that of the company and that of customers. From the company's perspective, brand identity is a powerhouse of meanings (Sherry 2005), "a cluster of functional and emotional values that enable a promise to be made about a unique and welcomed experience" (de Chernatony 2010, p. 17), and which represents how the organization wants customers to perceive the brand (Aaker 1996;Grönroos 2007;Plumeyer et al. 2019). From the customers' standpoint, the brand image is a depository of the meanings associations emerging from their interactions with the brand manifestations (Aaker 1991;Sherry 2005;Semprini 2006) and is the main source of brand equity; that is, the "differential effect that brand knowledge has on consumer response to the marketing of that brand" (Keller 2013, p. 69).
Brand equity formation begins with the customers interacting with the proposition made by the organization and evolves through the development of behaviors (e.g., loyalty). These behaviors create a higher market share and positive cash flow for the organization (Kapferer 2011). The brand value is thus based on its power to influence customers' perceptions and attitudes (Calkins 2005). In that sense, the brand is a repository for stakeholders' collective perception from their past experiences with the brand (Semprini 2006;Merz et al. 2009); "the focal point for all the positive and negative impressions created by the buyer over time as he or she comes into contact with the brand's products, distribution channel, personnel and communication" (Kapferer 2011, p. 19), and from which the organization may extract or lose equity (Aaker 1991;Keller 2013).
Yet, organizations cannot control how customers perceive the brand (Meenaghan 1995). Despite not being able to control customers' perception, organizations can influence the interactions through which customers experience the brand (Berry 2000;Zomerdijk and Voss2010). As the brand value is based on stakeholders' collective perception (Merz et al. 2009)-and the meanings associations linked to the brand (Aaker 1991)-strengthening the brand requires developing service interactions that deliver the right meanings and associations to customers (Batey 2008). In other words, brand-based interactions that deliver the brand promise to the customers. It is through these interactions that the customer will decode the brand proposition embedded in the characteristics of the service offering, linking them back to the brand name; the stronger the associations, the stronger the brand (Keller 2013).
For Karjalainen (2004) this process of translating the brand proposition into the features of the design object is called Semantic Transformation. Building on Peirce's triadic semiotics (Santaella 2008), the concept depicts brands as a meaning proposition (object) communicated to customers (interpretant) through the qualities and characteristics of the design object (representamen), which operate as a manifestation of the brand (Karjalainen and Snelders 2010). The goal is to embed the brand meanings into the interactions through which the customer experiences the brand. As Meyer and Schwager (2007, p. 3) suggest, "a successful brand shapes customers' experiences by embedding the fundamental value proposition in offerings' every feature."

Meaningful brand experience
The concept of experience can be defined from different perspectives. Kahneman (2011) distinguishes the experience of the experiencing self-i.e., the experience as perceived in the moment of the interaction-from the recalled experience of the remembering-self. From a phenomenological point of view (Helkkula 2011), experiences refer to the "internal and subjective response customers have to any direct or indirect contact with a company" (Meyer and Schwager 2007, p. 2). For Sundbo and Sørensen (2013, p. 2), "experience is something that happens in people's minds, it is determined by external stimuli and elaborated via mental awareness." That is, to exist, experiences need an external trigger that activates the human senses (Schmitt 1999), generating a response.
For Pine and Gilmore (1998), experiences are a type of offering; the next stage in the economic value progression and are as distinct from services as services are from goods. Although the authors acknowledge the phenomenological nature of the concept, their focus on staged experiences creates a bias towards a suppliers' perspective, where the company is seen as an experience provider, which can be associated with hedonic consumption (Holbrook and Hirschman 1982) and extraordinary occurrences (Arnould and Price 1993). The advantage of a phenomenological point of view is that it encompasses experiences with all kinds of products-be they an experiential offering (Pine and Gilmore 1998) such as a theater play, an ordinary service such as telecommunications, or a good.
From a phenomenological perspective, any interaction creates an experience for the customer, whether the organization is in the business of experiential offerings or not (Morrison and Crane 2007;Johnston and Kong 2011). Hence, since brands emerge from the continuous interaction with the customers (Iglesias and Bonet 2012), regardless of acknowledgment or intention, organizations are always engaged in a branding process (Ostrum et al. 1995). Consequently, to actively manage the brand, organizations must focus on customers' experiences and the interactions that deliver the brand proposition. In that sense, a Meaningful Brand Experience does not necessarily imply an extraordinary offering (Pine and Gilmore 1998), but an interaction that conveys the brand meaning through its features (Karjalainen 2004;Clatworthy 2012).
Through the interactions with these meaning-led interfaces, customers decode the brand proposition, attributing the interpreted meanings back to the brand name (Aaker 1991;Karjalainen 2007). Because "people do not perceive pure forms, unrelated objects, or things as such but as meanings" (Krippendorff 1989, p. 12), customers' experiences with a brand are not merely good or bad (Kahneman and Riis 2005) but a reflection of the customers' interpretation of the meanings communicated through the brand manifestations (Batey 2008). In other words, service interactions mediate the brand meaning to customers and, conversely, the brand should inform the development interactions through which customers experience the brand.

Service design and brand experience
In New Service Development (NSD) literature, service design (Goldstein et al. 2002;Tatikonda and Zeithaml 2002) is referred to as the early stages of the process, when the service concept is created, defining the value proposition made by the organization and informing the implementation of the enablers of the service interactions (Edvardsson and Olsson 1996). In the last 25 years (Manzini 2009), Service Design (in capital letters) has emerged as a human-centered, holistic and iterative approach to service innovation (Yu and Sangiorgi 2014;Blomkvist et al. 2010), which builds on "a designerly way of working when improving or developing people-intensive service systems through the engagement of stakeholders" (Segelström 2013, p. 27).
Departing from a tradition based on operation management, marketing, and information and communications technology (Shostack 1977;Kimbell 2009;Patrício et al. 2019), Service Design "represents the application of design as a creative and culturally informed approach to services" (Clatworthy 2013, p. 16), focusing on the users' and customers' experiences (Wetter-Edman 2011). To facilitate the design of immaterial activities and the orchestration of touchpoints across the customers' journey (Kimbell and Blomberg 2017), Service Design uses visual tools and enactive, iterative and collaborative methods (Moritz 2005;Mager 2009; Stickdorn 2010) that support the coordination of the different silos and stakeholders (Kimbell 2009) to develop new service offerings (Clatworthy 2013).
Due to its processual nature, services only emerge in the interaction with its users (Johnston and Kong 2011). That is, they are constantly (co-)designed during the service provision (Evenson and Dubberly 2010), while the value cocreating interactions take place (Holmlid et al. 2017). In that sense, Service Design must be concerned not only with the development of the service offering as an idea but also with the translation of the service concept into the enablers of the customer experience. Through a human-centered, holistic, and iterative approach, Service Design supports the exploration, ideation, prototyping, testing, and implementation of the new service offerings and the interactions that deliver its value proposition to the customers (Blomkvist et al. 2016;Patrício et al. 2019).
By integrating the resources that support the service interactions (value co-creating systems; Kimbell and Blomberg 2017), Service Design has the potential to facilitate the development of the interfaces (Secomandi and Snelders 2011) and offerings (Clatworthy 2013) through which customers experience the brand, bringing the brand proposition to life. On the other hand, it is also important to acknowledge the contribution Branding offers Service Design by providing a stronger link to business strategy (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2000;Mager 2009).

Design for brand experience
Service Design literature has traditionally focused on the front end of the service innovation process; that is, developing the service as a concept, devising the service encounters and touchpoints, and the orchestration of the customer journey (Blomkvist et al. 2016;Yu and Sangiorgi 2018). More recently, with Service Design integrating Service (Dominant) Logic concepts (Vargo and Lusch 2004, 2016Grönroos 2006Grönroos , 2008, Design for Service emerged as an approach that "acknowledges the indeterminacy of services as an object of design" (Sangiorgi 2012, pp. 98-99) and that recognizes that what is being designed is a platform that supports value cocreation processes Manzini 2011;Kimbell 2011).
In Service (Dominant) Logic, service (in the singular) refers to the application of skills and knowledge to support value cocreation for the benefit of another Grönroos and Gummerus 2014), where value is cocreated in the use context and is determined by the beneficiary; i.e., "value is idiosyncratic, experiential, contextual and meaning laden" (Vargo and Lusch 2008, p. 7). In that sense, the organization doesn't create value but offers value propositions, which supports value cocreating processes in the interactions between the customers' and the company's resources (Vargo 2008). Grönroos and Voima (2013) call this intersection moment joint sphere; when the company, as a facilitator, interacts with the customer, supporting value co-creation.
The role of the organization is thus to integrate resources, arranging them in new configurations that have the potential to facilitate interactives processes (Grönroos 2008) that cocreate value in the use-context. Value is cocreated as the actors' resources are combined during the service interactions (Holmlid et al. 2017). As a consequence, in order to translate brand strategy into customer experiences, organizations must focus on devising brand-based value propositions and on developing the prerequisites that enable the customers' experiences (Zomerdijk and Voss 2010). An Experience-Centric Branding (Merrilees 2017) can thus build on a Service (Dominant) Logic view of Service Design, supporting an experiential approach to semantic transformation (Karjalainen 2004;Clatworthy 2012).
Such approach should focus on (1) understanding what is the experience the brand wants to deliver the customers (Motta-Filho 2012); (2) translating such experience on a service concept during the early stages of the Service Design process (Clatworthy 2012); and (3) integrating the resources that enable the service concept (Vargo and Lusch 2004, 2016Patrício et al. 2011;Overkamp and Holmlid 2016;Holmlid et al. 2017). In this paper, we specifically address the first challenge, exploring how to define and communicate the Brand Experience Proposition to the teams that will develop the interactions through which the customers experience the brand.

Methodology
This paper reports on research that explored how to facilitate the translation of brand strategy into customer experience by specifically addressing the gap between the brand strategy and the NSD process. Due to the nature of the problem-which required the creation of new knowledge in the application context-a practice-based design research (Nowotny 2004;Saikaly 2005) based on an action research strategy (Lau 1997) was employed. In practical terms, this meant engaging service designers, corporate partners and experts in related fields as active participants in a transdisciplinary design process (Gibbons et al. 1994;Kindon et al. 2007; Dunin-Woyseth and Nilsson 2011) aimed at devising a solution for the given problem.
Throughout the design iterations, knowledge was coproduced following an approach similar to Research through Design (Frayling 1993;Jonas 2007), where the design iterations were central to the research. Yet, different from traditional views of Research through Design that frame the design outcome mainly as part of the process (Fallman 2007;Stappers and Giaccardi 2017), this study considers the produced artifact as a key contribution. This approach is in line with new modes of knowledge production (Gibbons et al. 1994; Dunin-Woyseth and Nilsson 2011) that extend beyond academic boundaries to acknowledge the role of design research in both producing new knowledge and improving the real world (Jonas 2007).
In Mode 2 of knowledge production (Gibbons et al. 1994), research is carried out in the application context with the active participation of the communities of interest. Knowledge creation is approached in a broader and transdisciplinary social and economic context where the designed artifact can be considered a new form of knowledge in itself. Such a practice-based approach may be confused with other empirical processes. However, because the research focuses on the development of a new artifact-rather than analyzing existing ones, or changing the social and cultural configurations of the situation (participatory action research; Kemmis and McTaggart 2008)-, it is arguably situated within a broader Research through (by; Sevaldson 2010) Design (Frayling 1993;Jonas 2007) tradition. In this way, the present paper raises a debate on practice-based design research modes where the artifact is at the same time the outcome and the means for producing knowledge in and through practice.
To structure the iterations through which the researcher engaged in "an empirical and logical problem-solving process involving cycles of action and reflection" (Reason and Bradbury 2008, p. 4), this study adopted action research (Susman and Evered 1978;Crouch and Pearce 2012) as research strategy (Lau 1997). In that sense, the design project was an integral part of the research process (Saikaly 2005;Sevaldson 2010), where the researcher was an active member of the design team. Such a first-person perspective has "the potential to provide findings unattainable with only an outside perspective" (Fallman 2008, p. 17), producing results that are relevant for both theory and practice (Crouch and Pearce 2012).
As practice-based research (Saikaly 2005) aimed at supporting the coproduction of knowledge in the context of practice (Gibbons et al. 1994; Dunin-Woyseth and Nilsson 2011), this paper builds on design research to support the creation of re-useable and communicable knowledge (Cross 1999). Reflective Practice (Schön 1982) is thus adopted as the epistemological choice, as it is regarded as well-suited for design research (Cross 2010). Moreover, reflective practice is particularly convenient, as it can be easily integrated into the iterative cycles of action and reflection that characterize action research (Susman and Evered 1978;Reason and Bradbury 2008).
Building on the concept of frame experiment (Schön 1982), abductive reasoning supported the creative leaps necessary to reframe the design problem (Cross 2010;Crouch and Pearce 2012), enabling the development of the new solutions and ideas that inform the research. Qualitative methods helped operationalize the research in a setting where the researcher was the main instrument for data analysis and collection (Merriam 2002;Pinto and Santos 2008). Primary data collection methods included observations, semi-structured interviews, and workshops (as a collaborative and participatory quasi-focus-group interviewing method; Gaskell 2008), and secondary (marketing) documentation was used as supplementary material (Creswell 2009).

Practice-based design research process
The present research combines the action research process proposed by Susman and Evered (1978) with Crouch and Pearce's (2012) to operationalize the design iteration through which knowledge is built. Combining both frameworks provided a stronger structure by integrating Susman and Evered's academic rigor-which specifies the stages for understanding the problem context (diagnosis stage) and for reflecting on the research outcomes (specifying the learning stage)-with Crouch and Pearce's design orientation (Fig. 1).
In the next sections, the research stages are briefly described, following an action research structure where each stage informs the next one. In this sense, the design iterations can be understood as a sequence of "case studies" that build upon each other one at a time. However, different from traditional case studies, the action research stages do not focus on studying existing business cases, but on creating new solutions through a collaborative transdisciplinary design process.

Understanding the problem context
The first stage of the research focused on understanding the wider research context; that is, exploring how to facilitate the translation of brand strategy into customer experience. Building on the concept of Semantic Transformation (Karjalainen 2004), and more specifically on Clatworthy's (2012) adaptation of the concept to service context, it was understood that the brand is translated into the enablers of the customer experience during the New Service Development (NSD), when "qualitative brand descriptions are transformed into value-based design features" (Karjalainen and Snelders 2010, p. 8).
It is therefore essential that the teams working on the NSD process have adequate brand input, informing which experience they should aim at designing. However, what constitutes an adequate brand input is as yet unknown. Thus, a research focused on exploring the usability of contemporary brand manuals for the design of service experiences was carried out through a series of 13 semi-structured interviews with Branding and Service Design consultants from 5 different countries (Motta-Filho 2012). The goal was not only to map existing brand input but also to understand how design teams address and use a brand in the development of new services.
Findings from this early exploration showed that existing brand manuals were not adequate for the design of service experiences, as they focused primarily on corporate visual identity (Kapferer 2011), describing the brand values in a very vague fashion. It was also observed that although some organizations had design manuals, these essentially provided detailed descriptions of the built environment and resembled a tridimensional corporate identity manual. Accordingly, to cope with the lack of adequate input, service designers often had to go through a process of decoding the brand proposition from different types of manifestations (Semprini 2006) in a context where there were seldom enough resources to support an adequate brand study (Motta-Filho 2012).
This initial exploration thus set the boundaries of the research on the gap between brand strategy and the NSD process by revealing two issues: from a Branding perspective, there is a lack of structured means to convey the experience the brand seeks to propose to customers (i.e., Brand Experience Proposition). From the Service Design perspective, the need to decode the brand on an ad-hoc basis increases the risk of interpretation biases, which could lead to the development of unaligned interactions, thus diluting the brand. To bridge the gap between brand strategy and the NSD process and to convey the Brand Experience Proposition to the design teams, a new type of brand manual is required: a "Brand Experience Manual."

First design iteration: understanding what a brand experience manual is
After defining a path to address the research problem, an exploratory and generative practice-based design research process (Sevaldson 2010) was used to develop the concept of Brand Experience Manual in collaboration with two corporate partners 2 and master's degree students from the Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO). On this occasion, the students acted as lead designers of their own projects, and the researcher (author) supervised the process as their tutor. Such an experimental approach was essential to kick-starting the project, enabling the quick prototyping of solutions in a context where little was known about the design outcome.
The project was developed during a two-month segment of the Service Design 2 course. The students were divided into two groups, each working with a corporate 1 3 Brand experience manual: bridging the gap between brand strategy… partner, and were free to design the Brand Experience Manual as they saw fit. Lectures were structured to provide the students with the necessary knowledge to support the design process and included key theoretical concepts, exercises, and presentations from experts in Branding and Service Design. The course syllabus provided recommendations and the researcher played an active role, joining the design process as participant-observer (Adler and Adler 1994). Discussion with the students showed that despite minor confusion in the early stages, both teams understood the task adequately.
Analysis of the outcomes showed a clear distinction between the approaches of the two student groups. Whereas one team approached customer experience as a phenomenon resulting from the interactions with the organization, thus addressing customers' holistic experience with multiple touchpoints, the other team focused on how the brand values were externalized through corporate actions, thus describing the desired experience through a series of distinctive values. These differences resulted in the development of two rather unique views, which helped the researcher attain a richer understanding of what a Brand Experience Manual could be like, and how to communicate the Brand Experience Proposition.

Second design iteration: reverse engineering the brand experience manual
Building on the outcomes of the students' projects, this second stage aimed at making the process of devising the Brand Experience Manual explicit, structuring a replicable framework that allowed further exploration of how to define the Brand Experience Proposition and how to convey it. Preparations began in tandem with the last steps of the previous stage. As the objective was to build on the outcomes from the previous iteration, two students (one from each group) were invited to participate, assisting the (author-) researcher in the design process.
Different from other iterations in the research, this design process was conducted without the participation of an external partner. In this way, to base the project in a real-world situation, data from the student projects were used. Building on the process used (implicitly) by students in the previous iteration, the design process began with a series of simulated workshops, which crossed the data from various stakeholders seeking insights that could be used to inform the Brand Experience Proposition. This exercise yielded four key intersections: • Employee experience-between the company and the employee • Brand image-between the company and the customer • Service experience-between the employee and the customer • Future scenario-between the company and the competitive environment Insights emerging from these intersections were condensed into four reports and later organized and clustered as adjectives that helped to describe the quality of the interactions. These qualities were then grouped into Personality Traits, which were then translated into Behaviors (enablers of the desired qualities). The resulting Brand Experience Manual explained the Brand Experience Proposition through its components, using the process's data to detail the description. This approach resulted in a very hierarchical structure, which was considered too conservative and, in many aspects, too similar to existing brand manuals.
To help the Brand Experience Manual better express the desired experience, visualizations of the enactment of the Personality Traits/Behaviors pairs were developed with the help of external consultation. During this collaboration, the consultant suggested the use of Design Principles as guidelines that could help inform the NSD teams how to design for the desired Behaviors. The combination of Design Principles and the visualization of the behaviors offered an initial view of the nature of the Brand Experience Manual, thus clarifying how to convey the Brand Experience Proposition.
The goal of this iteration was to structure a replicable framework to define the Brand Experience Proposition and to advance the Brand Experience Manual. Throughout the design process, the interactive nature of experiences became explicit, as highlighted by the four key intersections. The specifications of these intersections played a central role in developing the process involved in defining the Brand Experience Proposition-named Brandslation-forming the core of the final framework.

Third design iteration: pilot test
With the support of a corporate partner, 3 a pilot test was carried out to further advance the Brand Experience Manual while empirically testing and improving the framework to devise the Brand Experience Proposition (i.e., Brandslation). The iteration evolved throughout a series of three workshops (Fig. 2) and three external (non-collaborative, design-driven; Verganti 2009) development phases. Due to the pilot nature of the iteration and the limited resources available, the planned framework was shortened, focusing on devising and testing those parts responsible for defining the Brand Experience Proposition in collaboration with key stakeholders from the partner corporation, leaving the research stages for a later time (insights from another design project were borrowed to inform the process). When the workshops were concluded, the researcher worked with two student assistants to develop the Brand Experience Manual and to elaborate the Design Principles, which were similar to the previous iteration: guidelines meant to summarize key recommendations for the NSD teams. Once refined, the Design Principles were illustrated by a short movie telling the story of Jane-a fictional character-and her journey throughout the service. The Brand Experience Manual was composed in tandem, explaining the link between Jane's story, the Design Principles, and the Personality Traits that informed its development. As in the previous version, adjectives (Qualities) were used to detail the Service Personality Traits, Behaviors to enact the Personality Traits, and Actions to explain the Behaviors.
Throughout this process, a collaborative and transdisciplinary codesign (Ehn 2008) process for devising the Brand Experience Manual was piloted, helping to advance the concept, improving the Brandslation framework, and extending the investigation on how to convey the Brand Experience Proposition. However, due to the use of borrowed insights, the Data Gathering process still needed to be structured as a Service Design approach. Moreover, the expressions used to communicate the Brand Experience Proposition also required improvements; the focus on the concept of Design Principles hindered the development of a more experiential expression of the Brand Experience Proposition.
Theoretical advancements also emerged. During this iteration, the bidirectional link between Customer Experience and Branding became more evident, and the role of Service (Dominant) Logic in designing for service became clearer (Kimbell 2011;Sangiorgi 2012).

Fourth design iteration: full application
To cope with the limitations of the previous project, this iteration advanced and applied a full Branslation process, improving the Brand Experience Manual and the metaphors used to convey the Brand Experience Proposition. The iteration took place over a period of 2 months, and an organizational partner was invited to host and support the project. Thanks to the positive feedback from the previous cycle, a mid-sized telecom brand 4 agreed to commit the resources necessary to enable the execution of a full Brandslation process in a setting similar to a consulting project.
For this project, the Brandslation framework was structured as a series of eight workshops divided into two phases: the Insight phase and the Development phase (Fig. 3). The Insight phase built on the learnings from the second iteration, comprising four workshops (based on the aforementioned intersection) and a series of interviews meant to inform the second session. The Development phase focused on translating the researcher data into the Brand Experience Proposition through a series of four sequential workshops, advancing the third iteration's process. A fundamental improvement was the involvement of key stakeholders, such as employees and customers, in the process.
The iteration was in many ways similar to the previous one: the (author-) researcher was the main instrument for data collection and analysis (Merriam 2002;Pinto and Santos 2008), and workshops based on "quasi-focus-group" interviews (Gaskell 2008) and participant observation (Adler and Adler 1994) were the main methods for collecting data. Official documentation and marketing insights provided by the company (Creswell 2009) helped to inform the workshop development, and a participatory approach (Kindon et al. 2007) enabled the collaborative practices that supported the execution of the Brandslation framework.
The main challenge for this iteration was to find ways to convey the desired experience the brand seeks to deliver. By framing the brand as an active partner to the customer (Fournier 1998) and building on the concept of Service Personality (Clatworthy 2012), this iteration framed the Brand Experience Proposition through the analogy of the relationship between the brand as a character and a customer persona; although the concept of Relationship Metaphor was only structured later, the idea was clearly conceived in this iteration.
Additionally, the development of better Service Principles (previously Design Principles) and the addition of Service Moments 5 enabled a better balance between descriptive and prescriptive expressions to be achieved. By the end of the iteration, a fully functional data-based Brand Experience Manual was created; the Brandslation framework was improved and a research (Insight) phase was added; and insights about the process of Designing for Brand Experience reflected upon (though this last one to a lesser degree).

Evaluation
The goal of this research was to produce knowledge through the design process (Saikaly 2005; Fallman 2007) while bridging the gap between brand strategy and the NSD process by developing a new artifact. To assess the relevance of the Brand Experience Manual and the Brandslation framework, the outcomes of the last iteration were evaluated through semi-structured interviews (Fontana and Frey 1994) with experts in the field and stakeholders participating in the project.
The Brand Experience Manual was considered an effective tool for bridging the gap between the brand and the NSD process, and the Brandslation framework was praised for its collaborative and participatory approach, providing the corporate partner with insights otherwise unattainable. Criticism and limitations were also reported. The most pressing issues found were related to implementation, as the corporate partner had difficulties understanding how to use the Brand Experience Manual. For example, they wanted to apply the Service Moments (narratives meant to convey the desired experience) as guidelines for customer service. However, the Brand Experience Manual is a tool for Service Designers-an acknowledged limitation that must be addressed in future research.
The Service Principles (guidelines that inform how to design for the experience) were also criticized as being too generic. Yet, in hindsight, it was realized that this problem mainly relates to the emergent nature of the ideas; as different organizations might share similar challenges, the Service Principles might be similar, while they are actually guidelines specific to the organization at a particular moment and context. Lastly, it is important to note that the concept of creating a brand-based customer experience is not completely new, and literature on this topic is available (Smith and Wheeler 2002;Abbing 2010). The novelty of the present research is to explore the nature of the brand experience, systematizing a process for defining and a tool for conveying the Brand Experience Proposition.

Final reflection: specifying learnings
In the final stage of the action research (Susman and Evered 1978), the findings from the four iterations and from theory were integrated through reflection on action (Schön 1982) and writing as reflection (Richardson 1994), putting the lessons of this study into perspective. The key insights revolved around how to define (Brandslation framework) and convey the Brand Experience Proposition, and the need to advance an experience-oriented Semantic Transformation process. As these are the main outcomes of this research, they are further elaborated in the sections below.

The Brandslation framework and the brand experience manual
In this section, we present the process used to define and the tool used to communicate the Brand Experience Proposition developed through the design iterations and advanced during the reflection stages. The Brandslation framework and the Brand Experience Manual are key contributions to practice and trigger important theoretical advances discussed in Research Findings. Hence, describing these outcomes will also help ground the arguments discussed in later chapters.

The Brandslation framework
The Brandslation framework is essentially a means to an end, as the actual goal is to define the Brand Experience Proposition and develop the Brand Experience Manual. Yet, because organizations do not define their brands experientially, the Brandslation framework is an indispensable first step in the process of translating brand strategy into customer experiences. The Brandslation framework is divided into two parts: during the Insight Phase, data relevant to understand the various stakeholders' (customers, employees, managers, and the organization) views of the brand and of the service are collected through a mix of qualitative methods. These insights inform the Development Phase, where the Brand Experience Proposition is created in cooperation with customers and members of the organization. In this process, the importance of customer involvement cannot be overestimated, and the role of employees must also not be overlooked.
Building on service and corporate branding theory Schultz 2005), it is understood that brands emerge in the intersection among internal, external and interactive marketing actions (Brodie et al. 2006), requiring the involvement of the entire organization on the delivery of its promise (McDonald et al. 2001). This means that the Brandslation framework should involve multiple stakeholders in a collaborative and transdisciplinary (Dunin-Woyseth and Nilsson 2011) codesign process similar to participatory action research (Kindon et al. 2007). By involving customers, employees, and management teams, the Brandslation framework enables a rich exploration of the brand, its key relationships, and the organization behind it, supporting the development of a Brand Experience Proposition that is desirable, feasible, and viable (Brown and Katz 2009).
In the next section, we present the structure for the Brandslation framework. However, instead of describing the design interventions as executed, this section explains the Brandslation framework through a conceptual lens. That is, the focus is not on detailing the steps (how to do), but on the type of information (Insight Phase) and on the procedures (Development Phase) necessary to define the Brand Experience Proposition (what to do), thus facilitating adaptations to new contexts (Fig. 4).

Insight phase
The Insight phase focuses on five 'arenas', each concerned with a specific aspect of the brand experience: customers' life and use context; the brand identity and image; customers' experience with the service; the internal capabilities of the organization; and the brand and business strategy. However, in practice, these categories blend, and the workshop structure can also be adjusted based on who the participants are. For example, a session aimed at exploring the brand image is also an opportunity to enquire about current customers' experiences. Similarly, a workshop with employees should focus on their experiences, but can also consider their understanding of customers. The goal is to explore the different elements that influence customers' experience with the brand.
• Customer context-the Brandslation framework essentially develops a brandbased customer experience proposition. Therefore, understanding the context in which customers interact with the service is key, for customers are seen as active actors in the value cocreation process (Vargo and Akaka 2009;Vargo et al. 2010). Customers' use context can be explored in various ways. For example, during a session, one of the exercises investigated what (e.g., SMS, data, call), when and where they used telecom services. Another possibility is to inquire about workshops with employees; as key facilitators of customer experiences, front line staff can provide rich insights into customers. • Brand identity and image-the concept of brand can be framed from two main perspectives: from the customers' point of view, the brand image can be understood as meaning associations linked to the brand name as the result of past experiences (Aaker 1991;Kapferer 2011;Keller 2013); from the company's, the brand identity refers to the meaning proposition made by the organization, as expressed through their offerings (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2000;Semprini 2006). The brand thus conveys insights about the relationships between the organization and customers, and the organization's current strategy. As the goal is to translate brand strategy into an experiential expression of the brand, understanding brand identity, and how customers perceive the brand is essential to ensuring that the Brand Experience Proposition is feasible and desirable. • Service experience-the brand image reflects customers' past interactions with the organization, while the service experience refers to customers' current interactions with the brand manifestations. As lived experiences inform the memories with which customers will evaluate the brand (Kahneman 2011), and because brand equity is highly influenced by their experience with the service (Berry 2000), any type of service interaction-whether planned or not-has a significant impact on in the brand. Consequently, understanding the status of customers' experience with the service is a key factor in the process of defining a desirable Brand Experience Proposition. • Internal capabilities-services can be understood as capacities embedded in and enabled by a dynamic configuration of resources that facilitate the process of value cocreation Maglio et al. 2009). That is, the value cocreation process is enabled by the internal capabilities of the company; in the context of the Brandslation framework, three key aspects must be addressed: the organizational culture, the employees' experiences (as internal customers), and the internal systems (processes and technologies). Understanding the resources that enable the service interactions will ensure the development of a feasible Brand Experience Proposition. • Business strategy-brand and business strategy are strongly related (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2000). The organization must be sure to allocate resources to enable the delivery of the brand proposition, as "an empty brand promise is worse than no promise at all" (ibid., p. 8). External factors, and especially how the company responds to them, will also influence customers' experiences with the brand. Hence, the balance between the competitive environment, internal competencies and value networks (Normann and Ramirez 1994), and the resulting positioning (Porter 2002), are crucial to the viability of the Brand Experience Proposition.

Development phase
Through a sequence of four design iterations, the insights acquired in the previous phase are used to inform the development of the Brand Experience Proposition and thus the Brand Experience Manual. The process begins with the creation of an analogy for the relationship the brand seeks to develop with customers (Dumas 1994): the Relationship Metaphor (details in the next section). This experiential expression of the brand is then reviewed by customers and later translated into two supplementary mediums to convey the Brand Experience Proposition: the Service Principles and the Service Moments. Before the first workshop takes place, findings from the Insight Phase and the Brand Identity must be structured in a visual and accessible way. Additionally, to support the development of the Relationship Metaphor, a research-based Customer Persona is also required.
• Define the brand character and the relationship metaphor-undoubtedly the most important part of the entire process, it is during this first iteration that the main expression of the Brand Experience Proposition is created: namely, the Relationship Metaphor. The goal is to devise a balanced Brand Experience Proposition that considers the perspectives of different stakeholders. Building on the concept of Service Personality (Clatworthy 2012), the process begins with the formulation of the Brand Character as a manifestation of who the brand would be as a person. Later, the Brand Character is described in relation to a customer persona, resulting in the Relationship Metaphor. It is important to note that the persona of the customer might not necessarily be the average user, but one that best expresses the desired relationship. • Refine the relationship metaphor and create a customer journey-although the development of the Relationship Metaphor was based on insights from various stakeholders, it is still defined from the company's (and its managers') perspective. This second iteration involves customers fine-tuning the Relationship Metaphor and devising a customer journey based on the Relationship Metaphor. At this point, ensuring that previous work is not overhauled is a challenge, as the goal is to refine and not to recreate the Relationship Metaphor. The same is true for Customer Journey: participants must focus on the Relationship Metaphor so that the outcome stays within the frame of the brand (Urde 1999). • Settle the relationship metaphor and create the design principles-the main objective of this iteration is to develop the Service Principles, which comprise a set of prescriptive expressions (guidelines) that inform the design teams of consistent patterns that support the delivery of the Brand Experience Proposition. However, the Relationship Metaphor, which at this point is the main representation of the Brand Experience Proposition, must first be formulated and a shared vision established. Next, a new customer journey map should be drawn, expressing how the Relationship Metaphor (and hence the Brand Experience Proposition) would ideally be manifested throughout service interactions. The Service Principles emerge from the analysis of the gaps between the current and the desired experience. • Design the service movement narrative-with the Relationship Metaphor and the Service Principles, the Brand Experience Proposition is already conveyed through descriptive and prescriptive means; however, due to their nature, these expressions can be difficult to grasp. In this design iteration, the goal is to create an experiential expression for the Brand Experience Proposition through the development of a narrative that serves as a proxy for the desired experience. In other words, use storytelling to make the audience 'experience' the Brand Experience Proposition. To help structure the narrative, the service journey is broken down into Service Moments: clusters of interactions that are larger than a single service encounter but smaller than the entire journey.

The brand experience manual
The Brand Experience Manual is a tool meant to convey the Brand Experience Proposition to the NSD teams. It is therefore important to acknowledge the influence of the Brandslation framework on its format and how both concepts evolved in tandem throughout the research. The central challenge for the development of the Brand Experience Manual was finding how to convey the Brand Experience Proposition. Because experiences are phenomenological events (Helkkula 2011)-that is, "internal and subjective response customers have to any direct or indirect contact with a company" (Meyer and Schwager 2007, p. 2)-they cannot be designed but only designed for (Vargo and Lusch 2008;Kimbell 2011;Sangiorgi 2012). Yet, experiences-like services-can be conveyed as conceptual propositions; surrogate expressions (Blomkvist 2015) communicating how the customer experience should be. The Brand Experience Manual focuses on conveying the Brand Experience Proposition through a mix of prescriptive and descriptive expressions, with special attention to the usability of brand descriptors (Abbing 2010). As an expression of the Brand Experience Proposition, the Brand Experience Manual serves as a shareable point of reference (Giordano et al. 2018) that, by combining different types of representations, help convey a rather abstract concept (Blomkvist and Segelström 2014)-the desired customer experience with the brand. The goal is to support the Semantic Transformation process by providing the NSD teams with adequate input about the (brand) experience they should design for, thus enabling the translation of the brand strategy into customer experiences. The elements of the Brand Experience Manual are described in the following sections.

The relationship metaphor
The Relationship Metaphor is the most representative expression of the Brand Experience Proposition. Through the analogy of a relationship between the brand-represented by a character-and a customer persona, the Relationship Metaphor enables the creation of "a shared mental model" (Dumas 1994, p. 76), thus advancing the concept of Service Personality (Clatworthy 2012) into a more detailed and contextualized expression of the experience the brand seeks to deliver. The logic behind the concept is that in trying to deliver a brand-based customer experience, the organization is actually trying to design interactions that strengthen the relationship between the costumers (represented by the persona) and the brand (character).
The Relationship Metaphor uses a combination of descriptors that together provide a full picture of the desired relationship between the customer and the brand, thus conveying the Brand Experience Proposition. The figure below provides an example based on the outcome of the last design intervention of the research process (Fig. 5).

Service principles
While the Relationship Metaphor provides a descriptive expression of the Brand Experience Proposition-that is, it conveys how the experience should be-the Service Principles provide prescriptive guidelines meant to support the NSD teams during the design process. The goal is to bridge the gap between the existing and the desired customer experience by addressing the main shortcomings of the service. In practical terms, this means a set of six to ten actions that should be consistently enacted throughout the design process. Lastly, because the Service Principles are based on a comparison between the ideal (Relationship Metaphor-based) and the current customer journey, the insights into customers' experiences should be used to provide practical examples (Fig. 6).

Service moments
Like the Relationship Metaphor, Service Moments are descriptive expressions of the Brand Experience Proposition. The goal is to create a proxy through which the audience may experience how the ideal brand-based customer experience should be. Communicated through a narrative, the Service Moments follow a timeframe that is longer than a service encounter but shorter than a service journey, thus allowing for a balance between fragmentation and depth, which also means that the story must convey the desired experience but should not be excessively detailed. It is also important to remember that the objective is to convey a feeling: it is not about designing the service offering but conveying the desired perception (Fig. 7). In the next chapter, the lessons emerging from the practice-based design research are presented and discussed, thus clarifying the relevance of the iterative approach used to produce new knowledge for practice and theory.

Research Findings
To bridge the gap between brand strategy and the NSD process, this research focused on developing a Brand Experience Manual as a tool for conveying the experience proposition made by the brand. However, because organizations do not frame their brands experientially (Motta-Filho 2012), a process for defining the Brand Experience Proposition must first be developed. In that sense, the processes of devising the Brandslation framework and the Brand Experience Manual were intrinsically intertwined, which created a situation where the Brand Experience Manual was contingent on the Brandslation framework, itself dependent on the structure necessary to convey the Brand Experience Proposition, which was in turn based on the configuration of the Brand Experience Manual.
In this context, a practice-based design research (Nowotny 2004;Saikaly 2005) based on an action research strategy (Lau 1997;Susman and Evered 1978;Crouch and Pearce 2012) established the foundations for a Research through Design approach (Frayling 1993;Jonas 2007) essential for coping with a research question in which a paradoxical design situation (Dorst 2006) forced the researcher to focus on developing the object (Brand Experience Manual), while there was no known working principle (means to define and structure the Brand Experience Proposition) to support the desired outcome (Dorst 2010)-that is, to convey the Brand Experience Proposition to the NSD teams.

The Brandslation framework and the brand experience manual
Although practice-based design research traditionally focuses on creating new knowledge in the context of application (Nowotny 2004;Saikaly 2005) and not on developing new artifacts (Fallman 2007), the nature of the present research required developing a new artifact to bridge the gap between brand strategy and the NSD process. Hence, the Brandslation framework and the Brand Experience Manual are not only a means to an end-that is, instruments for exploring how to convey the brand strategy to the NSD team-but key outcomes of the present research, with high practical relevance.
As customer experience becomes central to developing a competitive advantage (Shaw and Ivens 2002;Prahalad and Ramaswamy 2004;Gentile et al. 2007;Johnston and Kong 2011;Manning and Bodine 2012), tools to support the design of superior service interactions become necessary. Yet, while many studies focus on customers' experiences from a theoretical perspective, "tools aimed at supporting marketing managers in devising the right stimuli to support an excellent Customer Experience are still scarce" (Gentile et al. 2007, p. 395). The Brandslation framework and the Brand Experience Manual thus make an important contribution, integrating Brand Strategy and Service Design into a tool that may support the development of better brand experiences for customers.
One challenge that must be addressed in the future is to make the Brandslation framework friendlier to non-designers. Because the Brandslation framework was developed through and for Service Design interventions, it is designer oriented. However, NSD teams do not always include design professionals, and managers with no design expertise often lead projects. Hence, the Brandslation framework must be integrated in a designerly practice for non-designers (Sangiorgi et al. 2019), helping ensure its continuity and implementation (Wetter-Edman and Malmberg 2016). Moreover, active participation from all stakeholders involved in the process is necessary to ensure an adequate outcome. A simpler approach could help foster engagement, especially during the workshop sessions. As such, further research and advancements on the Brandslation framework are advised.

Conveying the brand experience proposition
Another important outcome of the research was structuring a means of conveying the Brand Experience Proposition. Because of the phenomenological nature of experiences (Helkkula 2011), we attempted an interpretation of the Brand Experience Proposition as a conceptual meaning proposition. Brands emerge in the negotiations between a company's proposition and customers' perception (de Chernatony and Riley 1998); they are both a repository and the source of the meanings (Sherry 2005) that are mediated by customers' experiences. Hence, a Brand Experience Proposition is understood as the expression of the experience the brand wants customers to have.
For this research, the main challenge was to find the right way to express a Brand Experience Proposition while also developing a process to define it and establishing an adequate structure for the Brand Experience Manual. The expression of the Brand Experience Proposition detailed in the next sub-sections provides not only a new approach to conveying the brand but also suggests a more experiential perspective on the concept.

The relationship metaphor
The concept of Service Personality (Clatworthy 2012) exerted a strong influence throughout our research, steering the design process toward developing a humanized expression of the Brand Experience Proposition. Yet, during the last iteration cycle, when a movie analogy was used to frame the Brand Character as an active partner in the relationship with the customer (Fournier 1998), the idea of the Relationship Metaphor emerged as an evolution of the Service Personality, offering a more nuanced and contextualized expression of the Brand Experience Proposition.
However, despite the pertinence of the concept, its potential was only realized much later. When the fourth design iteration was concluded, references to the relationship between the Brand Character and the Customer Persona were often used to explain the Brand Experience Proposition, but only implicitly. It was only in the reflection stages, after returning to the literature, that the relevance of the Relationship Metaphor became clear. In that context, the role of customers' experiences in creating value for the brand and the anthropomorphizing of brand relationships help explain the concept.
First, one must keep in mind that the brand value (equity) is based on the meaning associations linked to the brand name, which is the outcome of customers' interaction with the brand (Aaker 1991;Semprini 2006;Kapferer 2011;Keller 2013). Because relationships are built over time throughout multiple interactions, they also reflect customers' past experience with the brand (Fournier 1998), expressing the same meaning associations that create value for the brand. To create value for the brand, therefore, the organization must focus on strengthening customers' relationship with the brand by developing service interactions that deliver brand-aligned experiences.
Second, since customers have little difficulty in associating human characteristics to a brand (Aaker 1997), as long as the brand behaves as an active partner through their marketing actions, customers will build relationships with them (de Chernatony 2010), inferring human traits in the process (Fournier 1998). Consequently, customers can easily anthropomorphize their relationships with the brand. The Relationship Metaphor conveys the Brand Experience Proposition through the analogy of a relationship between a humanized representation of the brand (i.e., the Brand Character) and a customer persona. The idea is that by replicating the Relationship Metaphor, the NSD teams will embed the Brand Experience Proposition into the service experience.

Auxiliary expressions of the brand experience proposition
Throughout the research, it became clear that an adequate articulation of the Brand Experience Proposition would require supplementary types of expression. Therefore, in addition to the Relationship Metaphor, Service Principles and Service Moments 6 are also used to help convey the Brand Experience Proposition to the NSD teams. Conveying a 'desired customer experience' is a rather abstract feat. In that sense, the combination of different types of representation facilitates the communication (Blomkvist and Segelström 2014) of the Brand Experience Proposition.
The Service Principles emerged in the second design intervention while collaborating with a design consultancy. At that time, the goal was to make the brand's (Service) Personality Traits and Behaviors-thus the main representation of the Brand Experience Proposition-more tangible through guidelines that could explain to the NSD teams how to design for the desired brand experience. In the third iteration, the Service Principles (i.e., Design Principles) became the core of the Brand Experience Manual; however, these were mainly representations of the brand's Personality Traits and Behaviors. It was only in the last iteration that an approach to creating the Service Principles was established by building on the gap between the existing and the desired customer experience.

3
Brand experience manual: bridging the gap between brand strategy… The Service Moments emerged in the last design iteration as an evolution of the narrative developed in the previous cycle, which was created as an effort to make the expression of the Brand Experience Manual more experiential. The Service Moments' purpose is to create an experiential proxy for the Brand Experience Proposition. By translating the Relationship Metaphor and Service Principles into the story of the customers' journey across different use contexts, the Service Moments help express the experience the brand wants customers to have. However, it is important to note that Service Moments are not guidelines; the idea is to create the feeling of how the experience should be, not to redesign the service.
Conceptualized as fragments of the customer journey, Service Moments are based on a timeframe that is greater than a service encounter and shorter than the customer journey. Hence the conceptual timeframe can be useful not only for expressing the Brand Experience Proposition but also in designing service experience concepts. Although touchpoints provide a practical description of the interfaces through which customers interact with the service, they miss the link between the different interactions (Polaine et al. 2013). Conversely, addressing the entire journey can be cumbersome, and projects often do not have the mandate to redesign the entire service. This way, the Service Moments provide a hybrid timeframe that can help structure experience-driven service.

Advancing an experience-oriented semantic transformation process
In action research, theory informs practice and practice advances theory (O'Brien 2001). Building on practice-based design research (Nowotny 2004;Saikaly 2005) based on an action research strategy (Lau 1997), it became clear in our own research that to support the implementation of the Brand Experience Manual, the current approach to Semantic Transformation (Karjalainen 2004;Clatworthy 2012) must evolve. The key issue revolves around an understanding that what is being designed is not a service per se, but rather the enablers of the service experience. Consequently, a process for designing for brand experiences should address both the front and the back end of the service innovation (Goldstein et al. 2002).
Theoretical advancements in Service (Dominant) Logic (Vargo and Lusch 2004, 2016Grönroos 2006Grönroos , 2008, and its integration with Service Design theoryspecifically the literature on Designing for Service (Evenson and Dubberly 2010;Kimbell 2011;Sangiorgi 2012; Wetter-Edman 2014; Sangiorgi and Prendiville 2017)-were integrated into a Semantic Transformation for Experience approach comprising three sub-processes: defining the Brand Experience Proposition, designing a brand experience-based service concept, and developing the processes, interfaces, and systems that deliver the service concept (Patrício et al. 2011;Kimbell and Blomberg 2017).
The conceptualization of a Semantic Transformation for Experience points to the need to address brand management from a customer experience perspective; that is, an approach focused on developing interactions through which customers experience the brand. Despite the relevance of the topic, a framework for Designing for Brand Experience is not addressed in the current paper, as it is beyond its present scope. Nonetheless, as the role of customer experience for businesses increases and its relevance to developing strong brands is recognized, further research on a customer experience approach to brand management is not only advised but also deemed necessary.

Conclusion
This paper addressed the gap between brand strategy and the NSD process as a means of supporting the Semantic Transformation (Karjalainen 2004;Clatworthy 2012) in a service experience context, facilitating the development of brand-based customer experiences. Through practice-based design research (Nowotny 2004;Saikaly 2005), a framework for translating brand strategy into an experiential expression of the brand proposition, and a structure for conveying the Brand Experience Proposition to the NSD teams were developed. In doing so, this paper answers the main research question: "How can we bridge the gap between the brand strategy and the NSD process?" The Brandslation framework provides a functional approach to developing an experiential expression of the brand, and the Brand Experience Manual structures the Brand Experience Proposition in a format that is useable for the NSD teams. In combination, these outcomes provide an effective means of conveying the brand strategy to the NSD teams. Thus, the artifacts produced-the Brand Experience Manual and the Brandslation framework-are a key contribution to practice, especially in a context where tools supporting the development of superior customer experiences are scarce (Gentile et al. 2007).
Another contribution of the present research is the development of experiential expressions for the brand. The conceptualization of the Relationship Metaphor as an analogy for the experience proposition made by the brand offers a new approach to conveying the brand, one that focuses on the interactions through which customers experience the brand. Because brands emerge from interactions with customers, and their value is based on customers' perceptions (Kapferer 2011), a design process that supports the development of interactions that deliver brand-based experiences does in fact reinforce customers' relationship with the brand and also brand equity. Thus, in designing for the Relationship Metaphor, the NSD teams are actually devising interactions that deliver the customer experience the brand wants the customer to have.
The research also produced two other relevant representations of the Brand Experience Proposition: Design Principles and Service Moments. Developing the Design Principles was central to advancing the Brand Experience Manual, whereas the Service Moments provided not only a new expression but also a reference timeframe for the Service Design process.
For managers interested in exploring and defining what experience their brands should aim for, we advise to: 1. Explore the customers' perceptions of the brand and their experiences with the service.
2. Understand how the brand is manifested from inside-out; how the internal collaborators see the brand, and how they see their role in expressing it. 3. Review the alignment between business strategy and brand positioning, and between brand identity and the customers' view of the brand. 4. Balance who the brand is (from the perspective of the customers) and who it thinks it is (from the perspective of the company), devising an experience vision that is desirable, viable and feasible. 5. Convey this brand experientially, informing the teams responsible for devising the interaction through which the customers experience the brand what experience they should aim for (as addressed in this paper). 6. Support these teams and their actions, enabling the brand experience to become alive.
On the theoretical level, the paper argues for an experience-centric approach to branding (Merrilees 2017), proposing Brand Experience Proposition as a concept for expressing the brand in an experiential way, thus providing the basis for further exploration of the experiential nature of brands. In doing so, the present research argues for further research on the intersection among Branding, Service Design and Service (Dominant) Logic as a means of advancing Service Branding: a customerexperience approach to brand management that is superordinate to goods and/or services (Brodie et al. 2009) and which focuses on integrating resources that facilitate the value cocreating interactions (i.e., value co-creating systems; Kimbell and Blomberg 2017) through which customers experience a brand.
Lastly, it is worth noting that the use of practice-based design research in a business context and the description of the process provide an example for future research aimed at developing new solutions in a practice context-that is, at answering "how can" research questions. However, this methodological approach also has its limitations. The produced artifact could not be fully implemented and tested as it was originally devised during the research process. Thus, although the Brand Experience Manual provides an experiential expression of the brand that links brand strategy and the NSD process, due to its novelty there is no data to support comparison with existing tools to convey the brand.