Abstract
Understanding the effects of environmental heterogeneity on zooplankton communities has been a hot topic for several decades. However, relatively little is known about the responses of zooplankton communities to environmental conditions at large scales from inshore waters to the open ocean. Here, we used the abundance, biovolume, taxa and size spectra of zooplankton collected from the surface waters of the western Pacific Ocean during the winter of 2014 to study the relationship between zooplankton community characteristics and environmental conditions using multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA). According to a hierarchical cluster analysis based on hydrographic conditions, the study area was classified into five water masses. Significant correlations were identified between the limited nutrients and the zooplankton abundance and biovolume from inshore waters to the open ocean. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed two distinct zooplankton assemblages. In the northern inshore, Copepoda and Euphausiacea were the dominant zooplankton taxa and in other water masses, Chaetognatha and gelatinous zooplankton were the dominant zooplankton taxa in addition to Copepoda. Our results suggested that, on a large scale from inshore waters to the open ocean in the western Pacific Ocean, the spatial distribution of zooplankton taxa was mainly influenced by environmental conditions, while in the inshore waters, it was due to the top-down effect of the dominant zooplankton taxa. Finally, the slope of the normalized biovolume size spectra (NBSS) was negatively correlated with chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration and PO43−-P concentration in the inshore waters, which indicated that the higher the trophic level the dominant zooplankton taxa were, the steeper the NBSS slope was.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agawin, N. S. R., Duarte, C. M., and Agustí, S., 2000. Nutrient and temperature control of the contribution of picoplankton to phytoplankton biomass and production. Limnology and Oceanography, 45 (3): 591–600, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.3.0591.
Alldredge, A. L., 1984. The quantitative significance of gelatinous Zooplankton as pelagic consumers. In: Flows of Energy and Materials in Marine Ecosystems: Theory and Practice. Fasham, M. J. R., and Boston, MA, Springer US, 407–433.
Anderson, M. J., 2017. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, 1–15.
Badosa, A., Boix, D., Brucet, S., López-Flores, R., Gascón S., and Quintana, X. D., 2007. Zooplankton taxonomic and size diversity in Mediterranean coastal lagoons (NE Iberian Peninsula): Influence of hydrology, nutrient composition, food resource availability and predation. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 71 (1): 335–346, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.08.005.
Bieri, R., 1959. The distribution of the planktonic Chaetognatha in the Pacific and their relationship to the water masses. Limnology and Oceanography, 4 (1): 1–28, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1959.4.1.0001.
Boucher, J., Ibanez, F., and Prieur, L., 1987. Daily and seasonal variations in the spatial distribution of zooplankton populations in relation to the physical structure in the Ligurian Sea Front. Journal of Marine Research, 45 (1): 133–173, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1357/002224087788400891.
Brown, J. H., and Gillooly, J. F., 2003. Ecological food webs: High-quality data facilitate theoretical unification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100 (4): 1467–1468, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0630310100.
Brown, J. H., Gillooly, J. F., Allen, A. P., Savage, V. M., and West, G. B., 2004. Toward a metabolic theory ecology. Ecology, 85 (7): 1771–1789, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/03-9000.
Candu, C., and Saleur, H., 2010. Geographical shift of zooplankton communities and decadal dynamics of Kuroshio-Oyashio currents in the western North Pacific. Global Change Biology, 15 (7): 1846–1858, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01890.x.
Chen, C., Xue, P., Ding, P., Beardsley, R. C., Xu, Q., Mao, X., Gao, G., Qi, J., Li, C., Lin, H., Cowles, G., and Shi, M., 2008. Physical mechanisms for the offshore detachment of the Changjiang diluted water in the East China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 113 (C2): C02002, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003994.
Chen, C. T. A., Ruo, R., Paid, S. C., Liu, C. T., and Wong, G. T. F., 1995. Exchange of water masses between the East China Sea and the Kuroshio off northeastern Taiwan. Continental Shelf Research, 15 (1): 19–39, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(93)E0001-O.
Dai, L., Li, C., Yang, G., and Sun, X., 2016. Zooplankton abundance, biovolume and size spectra at western boundary currents in the subtropical North Pacific during winter 2012. Journal of Marine Systems, 155: 73–83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.11.004.
Darnis, G., Barber, D. G., and Fortier, L., 2008. Sea ice and the onshore-offshore gradient in pre-winter zooplankton assemblages in southeastern Beaufort Sea. Journal of Marine Systems, 74 (3–4): 994–1011, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.09.003.
Dickman, E. M., Newell, J. M., González, M. J., and Vanni, M. J., 2008. Light, nutrients, and food-chain length constrain planktonic energy transfer efficiency across multiple trophic levels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105 (47): 18408–18412, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805566105.
Dvoretsky, V. G., and Dvoretsky, A. G., 2015. Regional differences of mesozooplankton communities in the Kara Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 105: 26–41, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2015.06.004.
Fan, R., Wei, H., and Zhao, L., 2016. Linking suspended particulate material characteristics to the plankton distribution in summer in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Journal of Coastal Research, 32 (4): 829–839, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-15-00094.1.
Färber-Lorda, J., Trasviña, A., and Verdín, P. C., 2004. Trophic conditions and zooplankton distribution in the entrance of the Sea of Cortés during summer. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 51: 615–627, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.05.003.
Fernández-Álamo, M. A. and Färber-Lorda, J., 2006. Zooplankton and the oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review. Progress in Oceanography, 69 (2): 318–359, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.003.
Finenko, Z. Z., Piontkovski, S. A., Williams, R., and Mishonov, A. V., 2003. Variability of phytoplankton and mesozooplankton biomass in the subtropical and tropical Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 250: 125–144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps250125.
Frederiksen, M., Edwards, M., Richardson, A. J., Halliday, N. C., and Wanless, S., 2006. From plankton to top predators: Bottom-up control of a marine food web across four trophic levels. Journal of Animal Ecology, 75 (6): 1259–1268, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01148.x.
Froneman, P. W., 2001. Seasonal changes in zooplankton biomass and grazing in a temperate estuary, South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 52 (5): 543–553, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.2001.0776.
Fuchs, H., and Franks, P., 2010. Plankton community properties determined by nutrients and size-selective feeding. Marine Ecology Progress, 413 (6): 1–15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08716.
Furnas, M., Mitchell, A., Skuza, M., and Brodie, J., 2005. In the other 90%: Phytoplankton responses to enhanced nutrient availability in the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 51 (1): 253–265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.010.
Gao, L., Li, D., and Zhang, Y., 2012. Nutrients and particulate organic matter discharged by the Changjiang (Yangtze River): Seasonal variations and temporal trends. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 117: G04001, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JG001952.
Gao, Q., Xu, Z., and Zhuang, P., 2008. The relation between distribution of zooplankton and salinity in the Changjiang Estuary. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 26 (2): 178–185, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-008-0178-1.
Gorsky, G., Ohman, M. D., Picheral, M., Gasparini, S., Stemmann, L., Romagnan, J. B., Cawood, A., Pesant, S., Garcia-Comas, C., and Prejger, F., 2010. Digital zooplankton image analysis using the ZooScan integrated system. Journal of Plankton Research, 32 (3): 285–303, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbp124.
Graham, W. M., Pagès, F., and Hamner, W. M., 2001. A physical context for gelatinous zooplankton aggregations: A review. Hydrobiologia, 451 (1): 199–212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011876004427.
Hayward, T. L., Venrick, E. L., and Mcgowan, J. A., 1983. Environmental heterogeneity and plankton community structure in the central North Pacific. Journal of Marine Research, 41 (4): 711–729, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1357/002224083788520441.
Helenius, L. K., Leskinen, E., Lehtonen, H., and Nurminen, L., 2016. Spatial patterns of littoral zooplankton assemblages along a salinity gradient in a brackish sea: A functional diversity perspective. Estuarine Coastal & Shelf Science, 198: 400–412, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.031.
Hirst, A. G., and Bunker, A. J., 2003. Growth of marine planktonic copepods: Global rates and patterns in relation to chlorophyll a, temperature, and body weight. Limnology and Oceanography, 48 (5): 1988–2010, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.5.1988.
Holm-Hansen, O., and Huntley, M., 1984. Feeding requirements of krill in relation to food sources. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 4: 156–173, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1937240X84X00561.
Holste, L., John, M. A. S., and Peck, M. A., 2009. The effects of temperature and salinity on reproductive success of Temora longicornis in the Baltic Sea: A copepod coping with a tough situation. Marine Biology, 156 (4): 527–540, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-008-1101-1.
Hopcroft, R. R., Roff, J. C., Webber, M. K., and Witt, J. D. S., 1998. Zooplankton growth rates: The influence of size and resources in tropical marine copepodites. Marine Biology, 132 (1): 67–77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050372.
Hu, D., Wu, L., Cai, W., Gupta, A. S., Ganachaud, A., Qiu, B., Gordon, A. L., Lin, X., Chen, Z., Hu, S., Wang, G., Wang, Q., Sprintall, J., Qu, T., Kashino, Y., Wang, F., and Kessler, W. S., 2015. Pacific western boundary currents and their roles in climate. Nature, 522: 299–308, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14504.
Ichikawa, H., and Beardsley, R. C., 2002. The current system in the Yellow and East China Seas. Journal of Oceanography, 58 (1): 77–92, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015876701363.
Jeffrey, S. W., and Humphrey, G. F., 1975. New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophylls a, b, c 1 and c 2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton. Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, 167 (2): 191–194, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-3796(17)30778-3.
Jennings, S., and Brander, K., 2010. Predicting the effects of climate change on marine communities and the consequences for fisheries. Journal of Marine Systems, 79 (3): 418–426, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.016.
Johnson, S. C., 1967. Hierarchical clustering schemes. Psychometrika, 32 (3): 241–254, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289588.
Kerr, S. R., and Dickie, L. M., 2001. The Biomass Spectrum: A Predator-Prey Theory of Aqautic Production. Columbia University Press, New York, 1–22.
Kiørboe, T., 1997. Population regulation and role of mesozooplankton in shaping marine pelagic food webs. Hydrobiologia, 363 (1): 13–27, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003173721751.
Krause, M., Dippner, J. W., and Beil, J., 1995. A review of hydrographic controls on the distribution of zooplankton biomass and species in the North Sea with particular reference to a survey conducted in January–March 1987. Progress in Oceanography, 35 (2): 81–152, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(95)00006-3.
Kruskal, J., 1964. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: A numerical method. Psychometrika, 29 (2): 115–129, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289694.
Kutner, M. H., and Nachts, C. J., 2005. Applied Linear Regression Models. Higher Education Pressn; McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Co.
Liu, P., Song, H., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Pu, X., and Zhu, M., 2012. Seasonal variability of the zooplankton community in the southwest of the Huanghai Sea (Yellow Sea) Cold Water Mass. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 31 (4): 127–139, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-012-0226-8.
López-López, L., Molinero, J. C., Tseng, L. C., Chen, Q. C., and Hwang, J. S., 2013. Seasonal variability of the gelatinous carnivore zooplankton community in northern Taiwan. Journal of Plankton Research, 35 (3): 677–683, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbt005.
Mackas, D. L., Washburn, L., and Smith, S. L., 1991. Zooplankton community pattern associated with a California Current cold filament. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 96 (C8): 14781–14797, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/91jc01037.
Mackinson, B. L., Moran, S. B., Lomas, M. W., Stewart, G. M., and Kelly, R. P., 2015. Estimates of micro-, nano-, and picoplankton contributions to particle export in the northeast Pacific. Biogeosciences, 12 (11): 3429–3446, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3429-2015.
Michal, S., Thomas, A., Davidson, S., Rosemberg, B., and Menezes, F., 2015. Zooplankton response to climate warming: A mesocosm experiment at contrasting temperatures and nutrient levels. Hydrobiologia, 745: 185–203, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-1985-3.
Moore, S. K., and Suthers, I. M., 2006. Evaluation and correction of subresolved particles by the optical plankton counter in three Australian estuaries with pristine to highly modified catchments. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 111 (C5): C05S04, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC002920.
Müller, B., Berg, M., Yao, Z. P., Zhang, X. F., Wang, D., and Pfluger, A., 2008. How polluted is the Yangtze river? Water quality downstream from the Three Gorges Dam. Science of The Total Environment, 402 (2): 232–247, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.049.
Otto, S. A., Rabea, F. D., Georgs, J. K., and Christian, M. L., 2014. Habitat heterogeneity determines climate impact on zooplankton community structure and dynamics. Plos One, 9 (3): e90875, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090875.
Pagès, F., and Gili, J., 1991. Effects of large-scale advective processses on gelatinous zooplankton populations in the northern Benguela ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress, 75 (2–3): 205–215, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps075205.
Pagès, F., González, H., and González, S., 1996. Diet of the gelatinous zooplankton in Hardangerfjord (Norway) and potential predatory impact by Aglantha digitale (Trachymedusae). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 139: 69–77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps139069.
Parsons, T. R., and Lalli, C. M., 2002. Jellyfish population explosions: Revisiting a hypothesis of possible causes. La Mer, 40: 111–121.
Perissinotto, R., Pakhomov, E. A., McQuaid, C. D., and Froneman, P. W., 1997. In situ grazing rates and daily ration of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba feeding on phytoplankton at the Antarctic Polar Front and the Marginal Ice Zone. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 160: 77–91, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps160077.
Pinel-Alloul, P., 1995. Spatial heterogeneity as a multiscale characteristic of zooplankton community. Hydrobiologia, 300–301 (1): 17–42, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00024445.
Piontkovski, S. A., and Landry, M. R., 2003. Copepod species diversity and climate variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Fisheries Oceanography, 12 (4–5): 352–359, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00250.x.
Platt, T. and K. Denman, 1977. Organisation in the pelagic ecosystem. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 30 (1–4): 575–581, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02207862.
Purcell, J. E., White, J. R., and Roman, M. R., 1994. Predation by gelatinous zooplankton and resource limitation as potential controls of Acartia tonsa copepod populations in Chesapeake Bay. Limnology and Oceanography, 39 (2): 263–278, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1994.39.2.0263.
Qiu, D. J., Huang, L. M., Zhang, J. L., and Lin, S. J., 2010. Phytoplankton dynamics in and near the highly eutrophic Pearl River Estuary, South China Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 30 (2): 177–186, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2009.10.015.
R Core Team, 2018. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Roman, M. R., Dam, H. G., Le Borgne, R., and Zhang, X., 2002. Latitudinal comparisons of equatorial Pacific zooplankton. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 49 (13): 2695–2711, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00054-1.
Romero-Martinez, L., van Slooten, C., Nebot, E., Acevedo-Merino A., and Peperzak, L., 2017. Assessment of imaging-in-flow system (FlowCAM) for systematic ballast water management. Science of the Total Environment, 603–604: 550–561, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.070.
Rothlisberg, P. C., 1979. Combined effects of temperature and salinity on the survival and growth of the larvae of Pandalus jordani (Decapoda: Pandalidae). Marine Biology, 54 (2): 125–134, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00386591.
Sabatès, A., Gili, J. M., and Pagès, F., 1989. Relationship between zooplankton distribution, geographic characteristics and hydrographic patterns off the Catalan coast (Western Mediterranean). Marine Biology, 103 (2): 153–159, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00543342.
Salas-de-León, D. A., Carbajal, N., Monreal-Gómez, M. A., and Gil-Zurita, A., 2011. Vorticity and mixing induced by the barotropic M2 tidal current and zooplankton biomass distribution in the Gulf of California. Journal of Sea Research, 66 (2): 143–153, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2011.05.011.
Schneider, G., and Behrends, G., 1998. Top-down control in a neritic plankton system by Aurelia aurita medusae — A summary. Ophelia, 48 (2): 71–82, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00785236.1998.10428677.
Schultes, S., and Lopes, R. M., 2009. Laser optical plankton counter and zooscan intercomparison in tropical and subtropical marine ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 7: 771–784, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2009.7.771.
Schüßler, U., and Kremling, K., 1993. A pumping system for underway sampling of dissolved and particulate trace elements in near-surface waters. Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers, 40 (2): 257–266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90003-L.
Sun, S., Tao, Z., Li, C., and Liu, H., 2011. Spatial distribution and population structure of Euphausia pacifica in the Yellow Sea (2006–2007). Journal of Plankton Research, 33 (6): 873–889, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbq160.
Terazaki, M., 2000. Feeding of carnivorous zooplankton, chaetognaths in the Pacific. In: Dynamics and Characterization of Marine Organic Matter. Handa, N., Tanoue, E., and Hama, T., eds., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 257–276.
Tseng, L. C., Souissi, S., Dahms, H. U., Chen, Q. C., and Hwang, J. S., 2008. Copepod communities related to water masses in the southwest East China Sea. Helgoland Marine Research, 62 (2): 153–165, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-007-0101-8.
Ulloa, R., Palma, S., and Silva, N., 2000. Bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths and their association with water masses off the coast of Valparaíso, Chile. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 47 (11): 2009–2027, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00020-0.
Vargas, C. D., Audic, S., Henry, N., Decelle, J., Mahé, F., Logares, R., Lara, E., Berney, C., Bescot, N. L., and Probert, I., 2016. Eukaryotic plankton diversity in the sunlit ocean. Science, 348: 29223618–29223625, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1261605.
Vizzini, S., and Mazzola, A., 2006. Sources and transfer of organic matter in food webs of a Mediterranean coastal environment: Evidence for spatial variability. Estuarine Coastal & Shelf Science, 66 (3–4): 459–467, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2005.10.004.
Wang, W., Sun, S., Zhang, F., Sun, X., and Zhang, G., 2018. Zooplankton community structure, abundance and biovolume in Jiaozhou Bay and the adjacent coastal Yellow Sea during summers of 2005–2012: Relationships with increasing water temperature. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 36 (5): 1655–1670, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-018-7099-4.
Wu, Y. L., Zhang, Y. S., and Zhou, C. X., 2000. Phytoplankton distribution and community structure in the East China Sea (ECS) continental shelf. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 18 (1): 74–79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02842545.
Yoon, W. D., Cho, S. H., Lim, D., Yong, K. C., and Lee, Y., 2000. Spatial distribution of Euphausia pacifica (Euphausiacea: Crustacea) in the Yellow Sea. Journal of Plankton Research, 22 (5): 939–949, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/22.5.939.
Zervoudaki, S., Nielsen, T. G., and Carstensen, J., 2009. Seasonal succession and composition of the zooplankton community along an eutrophication and salinity gradient exemplified by Danish waters. Journal of Plankton Research, 31 (12): 1475–1492, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbp084.
Zhang, W., Tang, D., Yang, B., Gao, S., Sun, J., Tao, Z., Sun, S., and Ning, X., 2009. Onshore-offshore variations of copepod community in northern South China Sea. Hydrobiologia, 636 (1): 257–269, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-9955-x.
Zhou, L., Lemmen, K. D., Zhang, W., and Declerck, S. A. J., 2018. Direct and indirect effects of resource P-limitation differentially impact population growth, life history and body elemental composition of a zooplankton consumer. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9: 172, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00172.
Zhou, M., 2006. What determines the slope of a plankton biomass spectrum? Journal of Plankton Research, 28 (5): 437–448, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbi119.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. QYZDB-SSW-DQC02402), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDB42030402), the Science & Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China (No. 2017FY100803), the International Science Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 133 137KYSB20200002), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 91751202). We are grateful to the captain and crew of R/V ‘KE XUE’ for their technical and logistical support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tian, Z., Zheng, S., Guo, S. et al. Relationship Between Zooplankton Community Characteristics and Environmental Conditions in the Surface Waters of the Western Pacific Ocean During the Winter of 2014. J. Ocean Univ. China 20, 706–720 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-021-4502-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-021-4502-0