Abstract
The knowledge of the wave-induced hydrodynamic loads on coastal dikes including their temporal and spatial resolution on the dike in combination with actual water levels is of crucial importance of any risk-based early warning system. As a basis for the assessment of the wave-induced hydrodynamic loads, an operational wave now- and forecast system is set up that consists of i) available field measurements from the federal and local authorities and ii) data from numerical simulation of waves in the German Bight using the SWAN wave model. In this study, results of the hindcast of deep water wave conditions during the winter storm on 5–6 December, 2013 (German name ‘Xaver’) are shown and compared with available measurements. Moreover field measurements of wave run-up from the local authorities at a sea dike on the German North Sea Island of Pellworm are presented and compared against calculated wave run-up using the EurOtop (2016) approach.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baldauf, M., Förstner, J., Klink, S., Reinhardt, T., Schraff, C., Seifert, A., and Stephan, K., 2014. Kurze Beschreibung des Lokal-Modells Kürzestfrist COSMO-DE (LMK) und seiner Datenbanken auf dem Datenserver des DWD. Deutscher Wetterdienst, Geschäftsbereich Forschung und Entwicklung, Offenbach (in German).
Battjes, J. A., and Groenendijk, H. W., 2000. Wave height distributions on shallow foreshores. Coastal Engineering, 40: 161–182, DOI: 10.1016/S0378-3839(00)00007-7.
Battjes, J. A., and Janssen, J. P. F. M., 1978. Energy loss and set-up due to breaking of random waves. In: 16th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. Hamburg, August 27–September 3, 569–587.
Booij, N., Ris, R. C., and Holthuijsen, L. H., 1999. A third-generation wave model for coastal regions: 1. Model description and validation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 104: 7649–7666, DOI: 10.1029/98JC02622.
Deutschländer, T., Friedrich, K., Haeseler, S., and Lefebvre, C., 2013. Severe storm XAVER across northern Europe from 5 to 7 December 2013, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, 19pp.
Doms, G. and Baldauf, M., 2015. A description of the Nonhydrostatic regional COSMO-Model: Part I: Dynamics and numerics. Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, 164pp.
Doms, G., Förstner, J., Heise, E., Herzog, H.-J., Mironov, D., Raschendorfer, M., Reinhardt, T., Ritter, B., Schrodin, R., Schulz, J.-P., and Vogel, G., 2011. A description of the Nonhydrostatic regional COSMO Model: Part II: Physical parameterization. Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, 161pp.
EurOtop, 2016. Manual on wave overtopping of sea defences and related structures: An overtopping manual largely based on European research, but for worldwide application. www. overtopping-manual.com.
Fraza, L., 1988. Testing the non-stationary option of the SWAN wave model. Master thesis. Department Hydraulic Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology.
Fröhle, P., 2000. Messung und statistische analyse von seegang als eingangsgröße für den entwurf und die bemessung von bauwerken des küstenwasserbaus. Rostocker Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Bauingenieurwesen, Universität Rostock, Rostock (in German).
GEBCO, 2014. General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans: The GEBCO_2014 Grid. British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC), Version 20150318, http://www.gebco.net.
Lefebvre, C., 2007. Orkan TILO am 8 und 9. Deutscher Wetterdienst, November 2007 (in German).
Schulz, J.-P., and Schättler, U., 2014. Kurze Beschreibung des Lokal-Modells Europa COSMO-EU (LME) und Seiner Datenbanken auf dem Datenserver des DWD. Geschäftsbereich Forschung und Entwicklung, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, 81pp (in German).
Schüttrumpf, H., 2001. Wellenüberlaufströmung an Seedeichen: Experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen. PhD thesis. Technische Universität Braunschweig, 127pp (in German).
Steendam, G. J., van der Meer, J. W., van Steeg, P., van Hoven, A., and van der Meer, G., 2014. Simulators as hydraulic test facilities at dikes and other coastal structures. In: 10th ICE Coasts, Marine Structures and Breakwaters Conference. Edinburgh, 18–20 September 2013, ICE Publishing, London, 1356–1365.
The Wamdi Group, 1988. The WAM model–A third generation ocean wave prediction model. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 18: 1775–1810, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1988)018<1775:TWMTGO>2.0.CO;2.
Tolman, H. L., and Chalikov, D. V., 1994. Development of a third-generation ocean wave model at NOAA-NMC. In: Proceeding of Waves Physical and Numerical Modelling. Vancouver, Canada, 724–733.
Van der Westhuysen, A., 2008. Nonstationary SWAN simulation in the Wadden Sea. Hydraulic Engineering Reports, Deltares (WL), uuid: c4dc7d3c-697e-434c-ad63-4c305a1fd3f8.
Acknowledgements
The results described in this publication are achieved within the joint research project EarlyDike–Sensor and Risk based Early Warning Systems for Coastal Dikes (No. 03G0847C), funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).
Moreover the authors would like to thank the Local Authorities for Coastal Protection (NLWKN, Norden and LKN-SH), the German Federal Maritime Authority (BSH) and the German Meteorological Service (DWD) for providing the data required for the set-up, assessment and operation of the operational wave model.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dreier, N., Fröhle, P. Operational wave now- and forecast in the German Bight as a basis for the assessment of wave-induced hydrodynamic loads on coastal dikes. J. Ocean Univ. China 16, 991–997 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-017-3382-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-017-3382-9