Seiberg–Witten Floer spectra and contact structures

In this article, the author defines an invariant of rational homology 3-spheres equipped with a contact structure as an element of a cohomotopy set of the Seiberg–Witten Floer spectrum as defined in Manolescu (Geometry Topol 7(2):889–932, 2003). Furthermore, in light of the equivalence established in Lidman and Manolescu (Astérisque 399:25, 2018) between the Borel equivariant homology of said spectrum and the Seiberg–Witten Floer homology of Kronheimer and Mrowka (Monopoles and three-manifolds, vol. 10, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007), the author shall show that this homotopy theoretic invariant recovers the already well known contact element in the Seiberg–Witten Floer cohomology (vid. e.g. Kronheimer et al. in Ann Math 20:457–546, 2007) in a natural fashion. Next, the behaviour of the cohomotopy invariant is considered in the presence of a finite covering. This setting naturally asks for the use of Borel cohomology equivariant with respect to the group of deck transformations. Hence, a new equivariant contact invariant is defined and its properties studied. The invariant is then computed in one concrete example, wherein the author demonstrates that it opens the possibility of considering scenarios hitherto inaccessible.


Introduction
It is well known from the work of Taubes (1994) that symplectic 4-manifolds with b + 2 > 1 have non-trivial Seiberg-Witten invariants. This is accomplished by perturbing the Seiberg-Witten equations in a manner dictated by the symplectic form multiplied by a large positive real number. The effect of doing so is that the Seiberg-Witten equations gain an obvious canonical solution, which turns out to be unique and non-degenerate.
Perhaps a little less well known is that one can do something similar for contact 3-manifolds. This was pursued in Taubes (2007) and was ultimately crucial for the proof of the Weinstein conjecture. In the 3-dimensional case, one adds, as a perturbation, the contact form multiplied, again, by a positive real number. A canonical solution to the Seiberg-Witten equations immediately becomes apparent, and, if the real number be made large enough, one finds that this solution is automatically non-degenerate. Uniqueness does not hold in the 3-dimensional case in the same form as it does in the 4-dimensional case; if it did, all contact rational homology 3-spheres would be L-spaces. Nonetheless, another sort of uniqueness does hold but one which concerns Seiberg-Witten trajectories. The distinguished contact monopole does not admit any non trivial Seiberg-Witten trajectories coming into it in the forward time limit. This implies that this solution defines a cocycle and therefore a class in monopole Floer cohomology. As it turns out, this class is the well known contact invariant studied in Kronheimer, Mrowka, Ozsváth & Szabó (2007) and is equivalent to the contact invariants in Heegaard Floer and embedded contact homologies.
In Manolescu (2003), a Seiberg-Witten Floer spectrum was defined, which was later shown to recover the monopole Floer cohomologies through its Borel U(1)-equivariant cohomology. An important detail here is that the construction of the spectrum avoids altogether the use of any generic perturbations. Taubes' approach to defining the contact invariant, despite requiring a generic perturbation in order to work in a Morse theoretic setting, has the property that the contact monopole is already non-degenerate before the addition of the generic perturbation. In the present article, the author applies Taubes' approach to the contact invariant in the context of the Seiberg-Witten Floer spectrum in order to conveniently avoid the use of generic perturbations altogether.
Theorem 1.1: Given a contact rational homology 3-sphere (Y, λ) there exists a cohomotopical contact invariant, where s λ is the Spin C structure on Y defined by the contact form λ and T (λ) is a (de)suspension of a U(1)equivariant Thom space of a vector bundle over the U(1)-orbit of the contact monopole in global Coulomb 1 Keywords: Seiberg-Witten Floer spectra, contact structures, regular coverings, attractor-repeller pairs. 2 MSC2020: 57R58, 57K33, 57M10, 37B30 gauge. Moreover, the classical cohomological contact invariant is recovered by pulling back via this map a class in the Borel U(1)-equivariant cohomology of T (λ).
A similar invariant is constructed in Iida & Taniguchi (2021); however, the work in the present article is entirely independent and differs in significant ways. Firstly, the author uses a different set of analytical results to ensure the existence of his invariant and also relies more heavily on certain aspects of Conley theory to define it. Secondly, here, U(1)-equivariance is kept manifest throughout, which means one can consider implications in Borel equivariant cohomology; indeed, the author was able to prove, via the techniques developed in Lidman & Manolescu (2018a), how the cohomotopical invariant recovers the well known cohomological invariant by passing to Borel equivariant cohomology. It should also be noted that the construction presented in the present article and the one of Iida & Taniguchi (2021) are sufficiently different that it is not clear if the two invariants are indeed equivalent or not. Of course, one would be inclined to think that two such invariants should really be holding the same information. However, proving their equivalence might be a difficult task due to the different analytical foundations used, so this goal is not pursued in the present article.
The author's main goal, after arming himself with the cohomotopical invariant, was to study covering spaces. The avoidance of generic perturbations is important in this context, as demonstrated in Lidman & Manolescu (2018b), due to the impossibility of producing sufficiently generic equivariant perturbations. The author's cohomotopical contact invariant can also be made G-equivariant for G the group of deck transformations of a finite regular covering. This allows him to consider Borel G-equivariant cohomology and deduce certain vanishing and non-vanishing results via the use of the localization theorem.
The central question one considers is whether the lift of a tight contact structure remains tight or becomes overtwisted in the covering. The results derived via use of the contact invariant shed light on this problem. In the work of Lin & Lipnowski (2022), the term minimal L-space is introduced to refer to rational homology 3-spheres having a single solution to the Seiberg-Witten equations for any Spin C structure. For such a manifold, the Seiberg-Witten Floer spectrum is always the sphere spectrum. Moreover, in the case of a finite covering, the Seiberg-Witten Floer G-spectrum is the sphere G-spectrum. In this context, the author shall establish the following theorem.
Theorem 1.2: Let π : Y → Y /G be a regular prime order covering of minimal L-spaces and suppose that λ be a tight contact form on Y /G with non-vanishing cohomological contact invariant. Then, the lifted contact form, π * λ, has non-vanishing cohomological contact invariant (and, therefore, is tight) provided that d 3 (Ker π * λ) + 1/2 = d(Y, π * s λ ), where d 3 denotes Gompf's three-dimensional invariant of hyperplane fields and d denotes the Ozsváth-Szabó invariant.
Examples of minimal L-spaces include all sol rational homology 3-spheres due to the work of Lin (2020). Another example is the Hantzsche-Wendt manifold, the unique flat rational homology 3-sphere. A few more examples exist amongst the hyperbolic manifolds as shown in Lin & Lipnowski (2022). However, the most evident class of examples of minimal L-spaces is that of the elliptic manifolds. In this case, increased knowledge of the contact topology, in particular the fact that the cohomological contact invariant never vanishes for tight contact structures and no two distinct contact structures have the same Spin C structure, allows the author to prove the following stronger theorem. Theorem 1.3: Let π : Y → Y /G be a prime order regular covering of elliptic manifolds and suppose that λ be a tight contact form on Y /G. Then, the lifted contact form, π * λ, is isotopic to a tight contact form λ ′ on Y if and only if it be homotopic to λ ′ .
This result leads to a scheme for determining tightness of the lift of a tight contact structure on an elliptic manifold based purely on the homotopy theoretic obstruction classes of the contact structures involved. This reduces significantly the complexity of the problem and can be used in concrete calculations. The rationale is to try to determine the obstruction theoretic invariants of hyperplane fields -that is, the d 3 invariant and the Spin C structure -for the lifted contact structure, π * λ, from those of λ. If those be seen to match the values for a known tight contact structure on Y , then one shall know that π * λ is isotopic to it. The issue that arises is that it is non trivial to determine the lifting behaviour of the obstruction theoretic invariants, especially of the d 3 invariant.
In order to solve this problem, the author found himself having to develop techniques which seem not be discussed in the literature in a particularly well detailed manner. These shall be detailed in the present article and rely mostly on use of the Kirby calculus. As an example, the author shall study the case a certain tight contact structure on the (−8)-surgery on the left-handed trefoil which shall be shown to lift to a virtually overtwisted contact structure on the lens space L(12, 7) via the double covering.
The main ingredient needed to perform these calculations is a form of G-equivariant almost-complex filling for the given covering of contact manifolds, which consists of an almost complex 4-manifold-with-boundary extending the given G-action on its contact boundary and potentially having a branching surface in its interior.
Such a filling can often be produced by appealing to the notion of equivariant handle attachments in the context of the Kirby calculus. With such a filling at hand, one can apply the G-signature theorem, as was done by Khuzam (2012), to deduce the lifting behaviour of d 3 invariants.
The other matter that one must understand carefully is the lifting behaviour of Spin C structures. This is more elementary, albeit still difficult in practice, and can be tackled in different manners. The method pursued here shall follow a similar approach to the lifting of d 3 invariants by using Kirby calculus to express Spin structures in terms of obstruction theory and then studying the lifting behaviour of Spin structures. The behaviour of Spin C structures follows easily thence.
This work was extracted from parts of the author's Ph.D. dissertation, Roso (2023).

Seiberg-Witten Equations and Contact Structures
This section shall introduce the basic definitions and analytical results required from Seiberg-Witten theory. Throughout this article, the author shall use a version of the Seiberg-Witten equations adapted to the presence of a contact form which was first introduced in Taubes (2007) and Taubes (2009) and was subsequently used in Taubes' work in the correspondence between monopole Floer homology and embedded contact homology.
Consider an oriented 3-manifold Y satisfying b 1 (Y ) = 0. A contact form λ is a 1-form on Y satisfying λ ∧ dλ > 0. The subbundle of TY given by Ker λ is called a coorientable contact structure. In this article, all contact structures shall be assumed coorientable. As shall be seen, the version of the Seiberg-Witten equations which shall be used always admits a canonical solution, C λ , which, provided a certain parameter r > 0 be made large enough, is nicely behaved in two fundamental ways. It is non-degenerate irrespective of any genericity requirements, and it is not the forward time limit of any Seiberg-Witten trajectory. These two properties shall be instrumental later in the present article. The solution C λ is essentially defined in a manner that make its spinor component bounded away from zero; a feature which is unique to this solution provided r be made large enough.
Definition 2.10: Denote D A : ΓS λ → ΓS λ the Dirac operator defined by a connexion A on det S λ .
Remark 2.12: This canonical configuration shall play a pivotal rôle in this article.
Definition 2.13: Let r > 0. The canonically perturbed Seiberg-Witten vector field of (Y, λ) is the vector field X λ,r : C(Y, s λ ) → TC(Y, s λ ) given by Remark 2.14: Notice that, for any value of r > 0, the contact configuration solves the Seiberg-Witten equation That is, C λ is a fixed point of the Seiberg-Witten vector field. Use L * (A,ψ) for its formal L 2 -adjoint. Definition 2.17: The local Coulomb gauge is the subspace Denote by K → C(Y, s λ ) the vector bundle with fibres the local Coulomb gauges. Use K C,k and K k to denote the L 2 k Sobolev completions. Definition 2.18: Denote by Π LC C : TC(Y, s λ )| C → K C the L 2 -orthogonal projection. Definition 2.19: A configuration (A, ψ) ∈ C(Y, s λ ) is said to be irreducible if ψ is not identically zero.
Definition 2.20: An irreducible solution C ∈ X −1 λ,r (0) is said to be non-degenerate if the derivative Remark 2.21: It is customary in Seiberg-Witten theory to ensure non-degeneracy of all solutions through the addition of a generic perturbation; however, often, doing so has its downside. One of the key advantages of the Seiberg-Witten Floer spectrum construction (Manolescu 2003) is that it avoids the need for such a perturbation altogether. This was crucial in the results of Lidman & Manolescu (2018b) concerning the Smith-type inequality of Seiberg-Witten Floer homology. Avoiding the use of a generic perturbation shall also be exploited in the present article; however, as will be seen, it is still necessary to make sure that C λ be non-degenerate. This is ensured by the following theorem of Taubes.
Remark 2.22: For ease of reference, the author shall make use of the following convention. When a proposition state the existence of a certain constant which shall be of use later in the text, that constant shall be labelled with the number of the proposition.
Proof: Vid. Taubes (2007), Lemma 3.3. QED Besides the non-degeneracy property, the configuration C λ enjoys two uniqueness properties that shall prove important.

QED
Theorem 2.25: There exists r 2.25 > 0 such that, for r > r 2.25 , any trajectory γ : where the limits are with respect to the Sobolev norm L 2 k for any k ≥ 5, must satisfy γ(t) = C λ for all t ∈ R. Proof: This is nearly what is stated by Taubes (2009), Proposition 5.15, but not quite. Please find an adaptation of Taubes' proof in the appendix of the present article. QED

Review of Seiberg-Witten Floer Spectra
Armed with the analytic results from the previous section, the first goal of the present article shall be to define a homotopy theoretic invariant emerging from the contact configuration. This invariant shall live in an equivariant cohomotopy set of the Seiberg-Witten Floer Spectrum SWF(Y, s λ ) defined by Manolescu (2003). This section shall review that construction with a slight adaptation; the Seiberg-Witten flow used shall be the one canonically perturbed by the contact form as was described in the previous section. This shall allow for the definition of the contact invariant in the next section.
Let Y , λ and g be as in the previous section.
Definition 3.1: The unperturbed Seiberg-Witten vector field is Remark 3.2: The construction in Manolescu (2003) uses X as the Seiberg-Witten vector field. The version of the Seiberg-Witten vector field used in the present article is X λ,r and it differs from X in two ways. Firstly, the spinor component of X λ,r is scaled by r 1/2 compared to X ; this distinction shall be evidently immaterial in the construction. Secondly, X λ,r contains the constant term ((ir/2)λ − * (1/2)F A λ , 0) added on. In the language of Lidman & Manolescu (2018a), this amounts to the addition of a "very tame" perturbation (vid. Lidman & Manolescu 2018a, Definition 4.4.2), which, as demonstrated there (vid. Lidman & Manolescu 2018a, Proposition 6.1.6), does not affect the construction of the spectrum. Hence, the spectra defined with X λ,r and X shall be the same.
Definition 3.3: The normalized Gauge group is the subgroup G • (Y ) ⊂ G(Y ) consisting of those u ∈ G(Y ) which can be written as u = e if such that Y * f = 0.
Definition 3.4: By the global Coulomb gauge with respect to the connexion A λ , one means Remark 3.5: The affine space W shall be thought of as a vector space with zero being (A λ , 0); that is, connexions shall be thought of as purely imaginary 1-forms by subtracting A λ .
As a consequence, note that Π GC maps bounded sets to bounded sets.
Definition 3.9: The enlarged local Coulomb slice is the subspace defined as the L 2 -orthogonal complement to the orbits of G • (Y ).
Definition 3.12: By the enlarged local Coulomb projection, one means defined by sending a vector to the unique representative in enlarged local Coulomb gauge of its equivalence class in the quotient TC(Y, s λ )| (A,ψ) /G • (Y ).
Remark 3.13: Note that Π LC and Π ELC are maps defined on the tangent bundle TC(Y, s λ ), whereas Π GC is defined on C(Y, s λ ). Of course, Π GC induces a map TC(Y, s λ ) → TW via the pushforward Π GC * . Definition 3.14: Set X GC λ,r := Π GC * X λ,r . Remark 3.15: Fix some integer k ≥ 5 and consider, henceforth, X GC λ,r as a map W k → W k−1 where W m denotes the completion of W in the Sobolev norm L 2 m . Definition 3.16: Define the Fredholm linear operator ℓ : W k → W k−1 by the formula Definition 3.17: Define the (non-linear) operator c : W k → W k−1 by c := X GC λ,r − ℓ. Remark 3.18: Note that X GC λ,r = ℓ + c where c is a compact operator as explained in Manolescu (2003), §4. Definition 3.19: For µ > 1, denote by W µ ⊂ W k , the subspace consisting of the span of the eigenvectors of ℓ with eigenvalues in the interval (−µ, µ). Usep µ : W k → W µ to denote the L 2 -orthogonal projection.
The family of operatorsp µ must now be smoothed out in a particular way. For that end, fix a smooth function β : R → R satisfying supp β = [0, 1] and R β(x)dx = 1. A preliminary version of the smoothed out family is as follows.
Definition 3.20: Define a family of operators p µ prel : W k → W µ by Remark 3.21: This preliminary version could well be used to define the Seiberg-Witten Floer spectrum and, indeed, is essentially the operator family which appears in the original definition in Manolescu (2003). However, in Lidman & Manolescu (2018a), the authors use a slightly modified version which turns out to be needed in proving some technical results. Some of those technical results shall be used in the present article. To define the final version of the operator family, a few more data need to be fixed. Firstly, choose an unbounded strictly increasing sequence {µ i } ⊂ R such that, for no i, be µ i an eigenvalue of ℓ. Next, fix a sequence of small real numbers {ε i } ⊂ R such that the intervals [µ i − ε i , µ i + ε i ] be disjoint and not contain any eigenvalue of ℓ. At last, pick smooth bump functions Definition 3.22: Define the family of operators p µ : W k → W µ by Remark 3.23: The family of operators p µ is smooth in µ but still has the property that, for all i, p µi =p µi .
Definition 3.26: A curve γ : R → W k is said to be a Seiberg-Witten trajectory in global Coulomb gauge if d dt γ = − X GC λ,r (γ(t)).
Definition 3.27: For R > 0, and a normed vector space V , use B(V, R) ⊂ D(V, R) ⊂ V to denote, respectively, the open and closed balls of radius R. Use S(V, R) = D(V, R) \ B(V, R) to denote the sphere of radius R.
Theorem 3.28: (cf. Manolescu 2003, Proposition 1) There exists R > 0 such that all finite type trajectories of X GC λ,r are contained in the ball B(W k , R) ⊂ W k . Proof: Firstly, note that the proof in Manolescu (2003) can be easily adapted to the present case of the perturbed Seiberg-Witten flow. That result provides a constant R ′ > 0 such that, up to a gauge transformation, all Seiberg-Witten trajectories of finite type sit inside the ball B(W k , R ′ ) ⊂ C(Y, s λ ) k . Therefore, a Seiberg-Witten trajectory in global Coulomb gauge is, locally, the global Coulomb projection of a Seiberg-Witten trajectory residing in the ball B(W k , R ′ ) ⊂ C(Y, s λ ) k . But the global Coulomb projection map Π GC : C(Y, s λ ) k → W k maps bounded sets to bounded sets. QED Remark 3.29: Henceforth, assume R > 0 to be such that all finite type Seiberg-Witten trajectories in Coulomb gauge fit in B(W k , R).
Remark 3.30: Also, fix a family of U(1)-equivariant bump functions u µ : W µ → R satisfying and, u µ constant on the sphere S(W µ , t)) ⊂ W µ of radius t for all t ∈ [0, ∞). Note that the norm on W µ ⊂ W k is defined by the Sobolev norm L 2 k of W k . Definition 3.31: Define the finite dimensional approximation to the Seiberg-Witten vector field as The flow lines of ϕ µ λ,r are called approximate Seiberg-Witten trajectories in global Coulomb gauge. Definition 3.32: Use S µ λ,r ⊂ B(W µ , R) to denote the union of all flow lines of ϕ µ λ,r which remain inside of B(W µ , R) for all time.
Theorem 3.33: (Manolescu 2003, Proposition 3) For µ > 0 sufficiently large compared to R, any flow line of ϕ µ λ,r which be contained in the disk D(W µ , 2R) is, in fact, contained in the open ball B(W µ , R). Proof: The proof in Manolescu (2003) of the non-perturbed case of this theorem can be trivially adapted to the case at hand. Alternatively, this result is a special case of Lidman & Manolescu (2018a), Proposition 6.1.2(i) and Proposition 6.1.5, noting that the perturbation used in this article is "very tame". QED The author shall now recall the pertinent definitions from Conley theory. For a reference, the reader is directed to Conley (1978), Floer (1987) and Mischaikow (1995). In what follows, suppose that G be a compact Lie group, Γ be a locally compact Hausdorff space with a continuous G-action and φ : Γ × R → Γ a continuous and equivariant flow.
Definition 3.36: Let S ⊂ Γ be an isolated invariant set. A pair of G-invariant compact sets (M, N ) satisfying N ⊂ M ⊂ Γ is called an index pair for S when: (i) M \ N be an isolating neighbourhood for S; Theorem 3.37: (Conley 1978, non-equivariant;Floer 1987 andFloer &Zehnder 1988, equivariant) For any isolated invariant set S ⊂ Γ, there exists an index pair (M, N ) and the G-equivariant pointed homotopy type M/N is independent of the choice of (M, N ).
Definition 3.38: The G-equivariant homotopy type of M/N where (M, N ) is an index pair for an isolated invariant set S is called the Conley index of S and denoted I G (S, φ).
Theorem 3.33 can now be reinterpreted in this language.
Corollary 3.39: S µ λ,r is a U(1)-invariant isolated invariant set with isolating neighbourhood D(W µ , 2R) for the U(1)-equivariant flow ϕ µ λ,r . The author shall now introduce the relevant definitions from equivariant stable homotopy theory. Here, the author shall deviate slightly from the route taken in Manolescu (2003); this is done in the interests of later sections that shall deal with Seiberg-Witten Floer spectra equivariant with respect to the deck transformations of a covering. In Manolescu (2003), in order to perform the required desuspensions, an ad hod version of the Spanier-Whitehead category is used. In the present article, instead, the author shall use the, by now, more standard category of spectra. This increases slightly the complexity of the definitions, but nothing new is gained as the Spanier-Whitehead category embeds into the category of spectra in a simple way. For more details, the reader is directed to May & al. (1996). In what follows, let G be a compact Lie group. Whenever the author say G-space, he means in fact pointed G-space.
Definition 3.40: A G-universe U is an orthogonal G-representation of countable dimension having the following two properties: (i) For each finite dimensional subrepresentation V ⊂ U, the direct sum of V with itself countably many times, V ∞ , also occurs as a subrepresentation in U.
(ii) The trivial representation R, therefore also R ∞ , occurs as a subrepresentation in U.
Definition 3.41: For V a G-representation, denote by V + its one-point compactification; note that V + is a G-space and call it a representation sphere of G. For X a G-space, the V th suspension of X is the smash product Σ V X : Remark 3.42: There is an adjunction between the suspension functor Σ V and the loop space functor Ω V on G-spaces. That is to say that, for G-spaces X 1 and X 2 , there is a natural bijection between the space of maps Σ V X 1 → X 2 and the space of maps X 1 → Ω V X 2 .
Definition 3.43: A G-prespectrum E indexed on the G-universe U consists of the following data.
(i) A set of G-spaces, E V , one for each finite dimensional subrepresentation V in U.
(ii) A set of G-equivariant structure maps, σ V,W : Definition 3.44: A map of G-prespectra f from a G-prespectrum E to a G-prespectrum F , both indexed on the same universe U, consists of a set of G-equivariant maps of G-spaces f V : E V → F V , one for each finite dimensional subrepresentation V ⊂ U, such that the evident diagrams all commute for any pair of nested representations V ⊂ W ⊂ U. A homotopy between two maps of prespectra f, g : E → F is a map of prespectra h : E ∧I + → F where I + denotes the interval [0, 1] with a disjoint base point added; here, the smash E ∧ I + between a prespectrum and a space is simply to be interpreted spacewise. A map of prespectra f is called a weak equivalence if all of its constituent maps of spaces, f V , be weak equivalences.
Definition 3.45: The suspension prespectrum functor, Σ ∞ U , from G-spaces to G-prespectra indexed on the universe U is defined by assigning to a G-space X the prespectrum Σ ∞ U X consisting of (Σ ∞ U X) V := Σ V X and structure maps the identity maps.
Definition 3.46: Given a G-representation V in the universe U and X a G-space, the V th desuspension of X, denoted Σ −V Σ ∞ U X, is a G-prespectrum indexed on U defined as follows. For W ⊂ U, the W th space of Σ −V Σ ∞ U X is either a single point, in the event that V not be contained in W , or it is the G-space Σ W −V X, in the event that V be contained in W . Meanwhile, the structure maps Σ U−W Σ W −V X → Σ U−V X are the evident ones.
Definition 3.47: A G-prespectrum E indexed on the G-universe U is called a spectrum whenever all the adjoints, E V → Ω W −V E W , to the structure maps be homeomorphisms. The category of G-spectra and maps as defined above for prespectra is denoted GSU . The homotopy category of G-spectra is defined as the category with the same objects as GSU but with morphisms being the homotopy classes of maps of prespectra; this category is denoted hGSU. The stable homotopy category of G-spectra consists of the category hGSU together with formal inverses for all the weak equivalences; this category is denotedhGSU .
Theorem 3.48: The forgetful functor from spectra to prespectra has a right adjoint called the spectrification functor.
Proof: Vid. May & al. (1996), §XII.2. QED Definition 3.49: By composing the suspension prespectrum functor, Σ ∞ U , with the spectrification functor, one obtains a functor from G-spaces to GSU . This functor shall be called the suspension spectrum functor and shall also be denoted by Σ ∞ U . Likewise, the desuspension of a G-space X, Σ −V Σ ∞ U X can be regarded as being inhGSU .
Remark 3.50: As the notation suggests, there is a desuspension functor, Σ −V , defined for all spectra, not just for suspension spectra. However, it is somewhat more subtle to define and the author shall not require it in the present article.
Remark 3.51: The stronger notion of spectra as opposed to prespectra is not so important in the present article because the main desire is simply to be able to perform desuspensions. Nonetheless, it has become standard in the literature to work with spectra because of their ability to classify homology and cohomology theories and also the superior properties that the category of spectra enjoys. Therefore, the author decided to phrase everything in terms of spectra for ease of reference.
Remark 3.52: Notice that the Coulomb gauge W is a U(1)-universe isomorphic to R ∞ ⊕ C ∞ . Such an isomorphism can be defined by picking a basis of eigenvectors of ℓ. Note that this universe does not contain all representations of U(1). Indeed, if C denote the standard representation, where U(1) ֒→ C is the unit circle, then the tensor product C ⊗ C C is not in the universe. This choice of universe is compatible with what is done in Manolescu (2003), where desuspensions are only allowed with respect to R and C.
Definition 3.53: When thinking of W as a universe, denote it by W.
Definition 3.54: Given an interval I ⊂ R, use W I to denote the span of the eigenvectors of ℓ with eigenvalues in the interval I. Hence, e.g., W µ = W (−µ,µ) .
Theorem 3.55: (Manolescu 2003, §7) Up to canonical isomorphism inhU(1)SW, the spectrum only depends on Y , the Spin C structure s λ and the metric g.
A disadvantage of working with the categoryhU(1)SW is that the universe W depends, at least superficially, on the metric g. This can be addressed by applying a change of universe to pass over to a standard choice of universe isomorphic to W. In order to demonstrate that the choices involved are immaterial to the final result, the author shall invoke one more concept from stable homotopy theory.
Definition 3.56: Given two G-universes U 0 and U 1 and a linear isometry f : U 0 → U 1 , define the associated (restrictive) change of universe functor, f * :hGSU 1 →hGSU 0 , by defining it on prespectra as the functor that sends a prespectrum E with structure maps σ to the prespectrum f * E with structure maps f * σ such that Likewise, define the associated (inductive) change of universe functor, f * :hGSU 0 →hGSU 1 , by defining it on a prespectrum E with structure maps σ to be the prespectrum f * E with structure maps f * σ satisfying the following. For finite dimensional subrepresentations V ⊂ W ⊂ U 1 , denote V ′ := V ∩ f (U 0 ) and and define the structure map (f * σ) V,W to be the composite Proposition 3.57: (Lewis Jr., May & Steinberger 1986, Proposition 1.2) f * is left adjoint to f * .
Theorem 3.58: (Lewis Jr., May & Steinberger 1986, Theorem 1.7 and Corollary 1.8) The functors f * : hGSU 1 →hGSU 0 defined by different choices of linear isometry f are canonically and coherently isomorphic. The same holds for the functors f * . Moreover, if f be an isomorphism, f * is an equivalence of categories with its inverse being f * .
Remark 3.59: The author shall not expand on the precise meaning of canonical nor coherent in the present article; for that, the reader is directed to the proof of Lewis Jr., May & Steinberger (1986), Theorem 1.7. Suffice it to say that, by canonical, one means that the choices which appear in the proof are immaterial, and, by coherent, one means that certain diagrams that should commute do indeed commute.
The essential point to be taken from Theorem 3.58 is that, since one may pass between the categories hU(1)SU andhU(1)SW in a natural fashion, one can think of the desuspension functor Σ −W (−µ,0) as being defined onhU(1)SU by intertwining with the changes of universe.
Definition 3.61: Given a finite dimensional subrepresentation V ⊂ W, define the desuspension functor where f : U → W is any isometric isomorphism defined by a choosing a basis of eigenvectors for ℓ.
Proof: Immediate from Theorem 3.58. QED With this understood, henceforth, the author shall often drop f * and f * from the notation.
Definition 3.63: Define the metric dependent Seiberg-Witten Floer spectrum as where f : U → W denotes any isometric isomorphism defined by a basis of eigenvectors for ℓ.
Proof: Corollary of Theorem 3.55 and Theorem 3.58. QED Next, the author proceeds to explain how to (de)suspend away the metric dependence.
Definition 3.65: Let X be an oriented 4-manifold-with-boundary such that ∂X = Y . Given a class c ∈ H 2 (X, Z) define its square, c 2 ∈ Q, as follows. Let c ′ ∈ H 2 (X; Q) be the image of c under the change of coefficients H 2 (X; Z) → H 2 (X; Q). Since b 2 (Y ) = 0, there is an exact sequence Pick any preimagec ∈ H 2 (X, Y ; Q) for c ′ . Define Definition 3.66: Define a number n(Y, s λ , g) ∈ Q as follows. Choose some simply-connected 4-manifold-withboundary X with Spin C structure t such that ∂X = Y and such that t agree with s λ on Y . Assume further that X have a neighbourhood of its boundary which be isometric to [0, 1] × Y . Fixing some connexion B on det t extending arbitrarily the connexion A λ on det s λ , use D ± B to denote the Dirac operators of (X, t). Denote the signature of X by σ(X). With this notation in place, let n(Y, s λ , g) Proposition 3.67: (Manolescu 2003, §6) The number n(Y, s λ , g) does not depend on the choices involved in its definition. Indeed, where η(D, z) denotes the η function of an operator D (vid. Atiyah, Patodi & Singer 1975), and Sign is the operator on Ω 1 (Y ) ⊕ Ω 0 (Y ) given by Proposition 3.68: (Manolescu 2003, §7) If N denote the cardinality of the finite set H 1 (Y ; Z), then 8N n(Y, s, g) is an integer and its residue modulo 8N does not depend on g.
Remark 3.71: The author is deviating from what is stated in Manolescu (2003) slightly in using the (de)suspension by C n(Y,s)−n(Y,s λ ,g) instead of by C −n(Y,s λ ,g) . The reason being his desire to operate in the standard category of spectra, U(1)SU , which does not allow for a desuspension by a "rational" dimensional representation in any obvious manner. In Manolescu (2003), a variant of the Spanier-Whitehead category is used, which can easily be made to formally admit such (de)suspensions.
The main result of Lidman & Manolescu (2018a) is that the U(1)-equivariant Borel cohomology of the SWF spectrum corresponds to the classical monopole Floer cohomology. In order to state this theorem, the author should firstly clarify what is meant by the cohomology of a spectrum in the present context. The rightful sort of G-equivariant cohomology theory to consider for G-spectra indexed on a universe V is that of RO(G; V)graded cohomology (vid. May & al. 1996, §XIII). In order to avoid having to deal with such complexities, the author decided to introduce the following language which shall simplify considerably the treatment.
Definition 3.72: Let h * G denote a Z-graded G-equivariant (reduced) cohomology theory on G-spaces. The author shall say that h * G satisfies the suspension axiom with respect to the universe V when, for any G-space X and any finite dimensional subrepresentation V ⊂ V, there be a natural isomorphism Definition 3.73: Given a G-prespectrum E indexed on a universe V and G-equivariant cohomology theory h * G on G-spaces satisfying the suspension axiom with respect to the universe V, define the cohomology of E as Remark 3.74: It is easy to see from this definition that, for a desuspension spectrum Σ −V Σ ∞ V X, the cohomology is simply given by the cohomology of the space X but with a grading shift.
Definition 3.75: The Borel G-equivariant cohomology theory for G-spaces with coefficients in an abelian ring R is defined as follows. Denote by EG a free contractible G-space and by BG the quotient EG/G. Then, for a G-space X, Remark 3.76: Following May & al. (1996), the notation c indicates the "geometric completion" involved in obtaining the underlying spectrum from the equivariant Eilenberg-MacLane spectrum and helps one distinguish Borel from Bredon cohomology.
Proposition 3.77: For a G-universe V containing only finite dimensional subrepresentations V such that the vector bundle (V × EG)/G over BG be R-orientable, the Borel cohomology theory with R-coefficients satisfies the suspension axiom for V.
Proof: This follows directly from the Thom isomorphism theorem.

QED
Remark 3.78: In the case at hand of G = U(1) and universe U = R ∞ ⊕ C ∞ , it is clear, therefore, that the Borel cohomology theory with Z-coefficients satisfies the suspension axiom for U because a direct sum of a complex representation and a trivial real representation always define Z-orientable vector bundles over BG. Hence, one can speak of the Borel cohomology of the SWF spectrum.  (2007), there is an isomorphism In particular, letting the "tilde" monopole Floer cohomology, HM * (Y, s), be the mapping cone of the U -map on HM * (Y, s), there is an isomorphism Definition 3.80: For future reference, define the metric dependent tilde monopole Floer cohomology to be HM * (X, s, g) := H * (SWF(X, s, g); Z).

The Cohomotopical Contact Invariant
This section shall fulfil the first goal of the present article. The analytic results concerning the contact monopole C λ shall allow the author to define a cohomotopical contact invariant in a manner that can be roughly outlined in the following way. Given a top dimensional cell in a CW-complex, if one were to quotient the complex by all other cells, one obtains a map to a sphere; this is an element of the cohomotopy of the complex. In the event that the cell not be top dimensional, but, instead, all the higher dimensional cells attach null-homotopically onto the given cell, one can still perform the same quotient and obtain an element in the cohomotopy set of the complex. In the case of a G-CW-complex, a similar story can be told about a G-cell; here, one needs to be more careful with what is meant by cohomotopy. In any event, one obtains a map from the G-CW-complex to the Thom space of a vector bundle over a G-orbit; analogously to how, in the non-equivariant setting, the sphere is the Thom space of a bundle over the orbit of the trivial group; that is, the point.
To achieve this in the present context, the author shall make use of a fundamental construction in the Conley theory; namely, the notion of attractor-repeller pairs. What has already been said about the contact configuration shall be summarised as saying that the orbit of the contact configuration defines a repeller in the isolated invariant set defining the Seiberg-Witten Floer spectrum. Well known results on Conley theory then provide a cofibration involving Conley indices. Due to the non-degeneracy of the contact configuration, the cofibre map of this cofibration can be interpreted, in the presence of a choice of U(1)-CW-structure on the Seiberg-Witten Floer spectrum, exactly as the quotient of all but one special U(1)-cell defined by the orbit of the contact monopole. This cofibre map shall be declared the contact invariant.
Lastly, one must take care to stabilize everything so as to make the cofibre map really an invariant with respect to the spectral cut-off parameter µ and the metric g. As it turns out, this does not provide any difficulty beyond what was already encountered in Manolescu (2003), and the proofs shall follow closely what is said there only with a few extra Conley theoretic inputs concerning the naturality of attractor-repeller pair cofibrations.
Let Y , λ and g be as in the preceding sections.
Remark 4.1: Notice that C λ is, by definition, in the global Coulomb slice with respect to A λ ; that is, C λ ∈ W . Moreover, since D A λ ψ λ = 0, it is also true that C λ ∈ Ker ℓ. Therefore, for R > 0 sufficiently large, C λ ∈ B(W µ , R) for all µ > 0. Henceforth, agree to set R > 0 large enough so that this last inclusion hold.
Remark 4.2: It is worth emphasising that the global Coulomb gauge does not fix a gauge with respect to the entire gauge group G(Y ) but, rather, with respect to the normed gauge group G • (Y ). Hence, there is a circle's worth of fixed points of X GC λ,r in W k which are gauge equivalent to C λ . Definition 4.3: Denote by U λ ⊂ W k the circle of configurations gauge equivalent to C λ and call it the contact circle.
Definition 4.4: Use J C to denote the tangent space to the U(1)-orbit at C ∈ W k . Definition 4.5: Letg denote the metric on W k defined by assigning to tangent vectors (a, ψ), is the projection to the enlarged local Coulomb gauge defined in Definition 3.12.
Remark 4.6: The metricg is the one used in many of the technical results of Lidman & Manolescu (2018a). It is notable because it turns the Seiberg-Witten vector field X GC in global Coulomb gauge into theg-gradient of the CSD λ,r functional restricted to W k . In the present situation, it shall be necessary to invoke some of those results of Lidman & Manolescu (2018a) which make reference to this metric. Theg metric leads to the following definition.
Definition 4.7: Define the local anticircular slice in the global Coulomb gauge at C ∈ W k , denoted K AGC C , as theg-orthogonal complement to J C in W k . Use K AGC j,C for its Sobolev completion of regularity j ∈ Z and use Π AGC Proposition 4.8: For sufficiently large r > 0, at any C ∈ U λ , the derivative Proof: By gauge equivariance, it suffices to prove the result for C = C λ . Theorem 2.23 has established that, for sufficiently large r > 0, the map (97) and (94). QED Remark 4.9: Henceforth, fix r > 0 so as to make Proposition 4.8 hold.
Remark 4.10: Bear in mind that the vector space W µ is the direct sum of a real vector space and a complex vector space, whence comes its U(1)-action. Note that U λ ֒→ W µ is the U(1)-equivariant embedding of a U(1)-manifold.
Definition 4.11: Let E µ λ → U λ denote the U(1)-equivariant normal bundle of U λ as a submanifold of W µ . Proposition 4.12: For sufficiently large µ > 0, U λ is a hyperbolic fixed set of the flow ϕ µ λ,r in W µ . In other words, for any C ∈ U λ , the derivative D C X µ λ,r : E µ λ | C → E µ λ | C has no eigenvalue with vanishing real part. In particular, U λ is a non-degenerate fixed set.
Proof: By Proposition 4.8, U λ consists of non-degenerate irreducible fixed points of the flow X GC λ,r on W k . Hence, apply the same argument used in the proof of Lidman & Manolescu (2018a), Proposition 7.3.1, to find that the same remains true when passing to a finite dimensional approximation provided one choose a sufficiently large µ. QED Remark 4.13: Fix µ > 0 large enough so as to make Proposition 4.12 hold.
Remark 4.14: Identify E µ λ with a sufficiently small tubular neighbourhood of U λ so as to not contain any other fixed points of the flow ϕ µ λ,r . This is possible due to the non-degeneracy ensured by Proposition 4.12. Now, as a vector bundle, one can split E µ λ into stable and unstable subbundles as for some constant m > 0. Moreover, this splitting is preserved by D C X µ λ,r and, hence, U λ is an isolated invariant set with index pair (D(E µ λ ), S(E u,µ λ )) where D and S denote the unit disk and unit sphere bundles.
As a direct consequence, by using a Morse decomposition, one finds that the contact circle U λ defines a U(1)-cell in some U(1)-CW-complex decomposition of the space I U(1) (S µ λ,r , ϕ µ λ,r ). If one were to add a generic perturbation on top of the canonical perturbation in use, one would find that a possible choice of U(1)-CWdecomposition would have a one to one correspondence between its U(1)-cells and the set of fixed points and fixed circles of the Seiberg-Witten flow. It is preferable, of course, to avoid using such a generic perturbation. In order to derive a cohomotopical invariant from a given cell, it is necessary to establish something about the attaching maps of the higher dimensional cells. In particular, if the given cell be itself top dimensional or, more generally, if one find that all higher dimensional cells attach null-homotopically onto the given cell, then it follows that one can quotient all but the given cell in the U(1)-CW-complex and obtain a map to the quotient of the contact cell by its boundary. This is morally the strategy which shall be pursued next.
Theorem 4.17: For sufficiently large r > 0 and µ > 0, there are no non-constant approximate Seiberg-Witten trajectories in the set S µ λ,r which have plus infinity limit in the contact circle U λ . Proof: The author starts with the argument in Step 1 of the proof of Proposition 3 in Manolescu (2003). Suppose the result not hold. Then, there exists an increasing sequence µ n → ∞ and a sequence of non-constant trajectories γ n : R → D(W µn , 2R) satisfying Notice that there is a bound where K > 0 is a constant independent of both n and t. This implies that the set of functions is equicontinuous. By use of the Arzelà-Ascoli theorem, one can replace this sequence by a subsequence which converge to some γ : R → D(W k−1 , 2R) in the compact-open topology. Now, due to compactness of c, the sequence of operators (1 − p µn )c : W k → W k−1 converges to zero weakly. Given this, observe that uniformly as functions from compact subsets of R to W k−1 . Hence, Together, these two last assertions imply that Moreover, observe that γ(t) − −−− → t→∞ U λ . Therefore, γ is the Coulomb projection of a Seiberg-Witten trajectory with positive infinity limit gauge equivalent to the contact configuration. By Theorem 2.25, such a trajectory must be constant. Let C n := lim t→−∞ γ n (t). By assumption, these cannot be equal to C λ . Note also that lim n→∞ C n = lim t→−∞ γ(t) = C λ . However, Proposition 4.8 combined with Lidman & Manolescu (2018a), Proposition 7.2.2, guarantee that, for sufficiently large n and some small neighbourhood N ⊃ W k of C λ , there cannot be any solution to X µ λ,r = 0 inside of N other than C λ itself, thereby contradicting convergence of the sequence {C n } to C λ . QED A few more concepts from Conley theory shall be needed next. In what follows, suppose that G be a compact Lie group, Γ be a locally compact Hausdorff space with a continuous G-action and φ : Γ × R → Γ a continuous and equivariant flow.

Definition 4.19:
is independent of the choice of (L, M, N ) up to G-equivariant homotopy. Now, one can reinterpret the analytic results concerning the contact circle in the Conley theoretic language.
Theorem 4.24: The contact circle U λ ⊂ S µ λ,r is a repeller in S µ λ,r . Hence, there exists a cofibration Proof: Follows from Theorem 4.17 and Theorem 4.23. QED Definition 4.25: Define the spectral cut-off and metric dependent cohomotopical contact invariant as the cofibre map Ψ(λ, g, µ) : Proposition 4.26: Ψ(λ, g, µ) does not depend on the choice of r > 0.
Proof: Suppose one chose two sufficiently large values for r, call them r 0 < r 1 . Without loss of generality, assume |r 0 − r 1 | to be small. Pick the value of R > 0 large enough so that it satisfy Theorem 3.28 for both r = r 0 and r = r 1 . Then, D(W µ , 2R) serves as an isolating neighbourhood for all the isolated invariant sets S µ λ,r under the parametrised family of flows ϕ µ λ,r as r varies in [r 0 , r 1 ]. The continuation properties of Conley theory then provide a diagram of the form Definition 4.28: The metric dependent cohomotopical contact invariant, Proposition 4.29: Ψ(λ, g) does not depend on the choice of µ > 0.
Proof: This proof shall start by recalling the setup of the first half of the proof of Theorem 1 of Manolescu (2003). Assume two values for µ be given; call them 0 < µ 0 < µ 1 and assume both be large enough so as to satisfy Theorem 3.33. Consider µ ∈ [µ 0 , µ 1 ]. Denoteφ µ λ,r the flow of the vector field −u µ1 · (ℓ + p µ cp µ ) on W µ1 . It is easy to check that, for any µ ∈ [µ 0 , µ 1 ], all finite type trajectories of −(ℓ + p µ cp µ ) on W µ1 are, in fact, contained in W µ ⊂ W µ1 . As a consequence, notice that the set S µ λ,r ⊂ W µ can be identified with the union of the finite type trajectories ofφ µ λ,r contained in B(W µ1 , R). Hence, abuse notation and write S µ λ,r ⊂ W µ1 for all µ ∈ [µ 0 , µ 1 ]. Moreover, in this description, D(W µ1 , 2R) is an isolating neighbourhood for S µ λ,r for all µ ∈ [µ 0 , µ 1 ]. By the continuation properties of the Conley index, Of course, W ′ is simply the span of the eigenvectors of ℓ with eigenvalues in (−µ 1 , −µ 0 ] ∪ [µ 0 , µ 1 ). Use D ⊂ W ′ to denote a small disk around the origin. Then, if one care to check, one finds that is also an isolating neighbourhood for S µ0 λ,r . Furthermore, with respect to this product, one can show that the flowφ µ λ,r is homotopic to a product flow ϕ µ0 × f, where f is the flow on D induced by −ℓ. Notice that By the behaviour of the Conley index under product flows, it follows that Now, focus is turned to the contact circle. Recall the assumption from Remark 4.1 that µ 0 , µ 1 be large enough so that U λ ⊂ B(W µ0 , R) ⊂ B(W µ1 , R). As above, observe that On the other hand, considering again the product flow ϕ µ0 λ,r × f, one finds This leads to a diagram of the form which, due to the naturality of the attractor-repeller cofibration under continuation, commutes up to homotopy. Desuspending everything as needed provides the required invariance. QED Definition 4.30: Define the contact Thom space as the (de)suspension Definition 4.31: Define the cohomotopical contact invariant of the contact rational homology sphere (Y, λ), to be the (de)suspension Σ C n(Y,s λ )−n(Y,s λ ,g) Ψ(λ, g) as a morphism ofhU(1)SU .
Proposition 4.32: Ψ(λ) does not depend on the choice of metric g.
Proof: Again, the proof shall start by recalling what is said by Manolescu (2003) and then extending the argument to deal with the contact circle. Since the space of compatible metrics is connected, it suffices to prove the result for nearby metrics, so consider two such metrics g 0 , g 1 and a smooth path t → g t interpolating them. One can choose µ > 0 and R > 0 large enough so as to satisfy the usual requirements for all metrics along the path g t . The author shall use a subscripted t to denote the versions of objects constructed with the metric g t ; for example, W µ t denotes the version of W µ constructed with g t . Notice that, perhaps after increasing µ slightly, one can assume that µ not be an eigenvalue of ℓ t for any t ∈ [0, 1]. As a consequence, the spaces W µ t have constant dimension as t varies. This means the spaces W µ t form a vector bundle over [0, 1] and, therefore, the vector spaces W µ t for different values of t may be identified via a trivialisation of this bundle; hence, use W µ to denote any of the spaces W µ t . For different values of t, consider the balls B(W µ , R) t all as subsets of this same W µ . By assuming the metrics g 0 , g 1 sufficiently close to one another, one also finds that, for any is an isolating neighbourhood for (S µ λ,r ) t with respect to the flow (ϕ µ λ,r ) t for all t ∈ [0, 1]. The flow (ϕ µ λ,r ) t varies continuously with t ∈ [0, 1]; hence, by Conley theory, Consider now the contact circle. One easily checks that, under the change of metric, the contact circle, (U λ ) t , moves smoothly in W µ (it is not fixed under changes of metric because it depends on the global Coulomb projection). By assuming the metrics to be sufficiently close, one also sees that is an isolating neighbourhood for all (U λ ) t , where (E µ λ ) t → (U λ ) t is the g t version of the tubular neighbourhood introduced in Remark 4.14. Therefore, which is not much to say due to the characterisation of these as Thom spaces in Corollary 4.16; however, the fact that both this homotopy equivalence and the one of ( * ) come from the same deformation of the flow allows one to use the naturality of the attractor-repeller cofibration sequence so as to have the following diagram commute up to homotopy.
Recall that W is defined as the direct sum of a real and a complex space; use n µ,t to denote the complex dimension of this complex summand appearing in (W (−µ,0) ) t . Notice that n µ,1 − n µ,0 is the spectral flow of the family of Dirac operators (D A λ ) t defined as the metric g t varies. One can then check with Proposition 3.67 that Without loss of generality, suppose n(Y, s λ , g 0 ) ≤ n(Y, s λ , g 1 ). Together with the fact that the operator family The result follows by combining this with the commuting diagram above. QED Remark 4.33: In the same vein as in Manolescu (2003), the metric invariance can be strengthened to invariance up to canonical isomorphism, which is to say, in this context, that the isomorphism does not depend on the path of metrics interpolating the given two metrics, but the details shall be left out.

Recovery of the Cohomological Invariant
In light of the equivalence, proved by Lidman & Manolescu (2018a), between the Borel U(1)-equivariant cohomology of the Seiberg-Witten Floer spectrum and the monopole Floer "from" cohomology, this section shall discuss the relation between the cohomotopical contact invariant defined in the previous section and the well known contact invariants in Floer cohomology.
In Kronheimer, Mrowka, Ozsváth & Szabó (2007), §6.3, a distinguished element of the monopole Floer cohomology group HM * (Y, s λ ), therein denotedψ, is defined (up to sign) from the datum of a contact structure Ker λ. Here, this class shall be denoted ψ(λ). In fact, most of the groundwork for the definition of this invariant was done a decade earlier in Kronheimer & Mrowka (1997), except that the machinery of monopole Floer homology had not yet been developed. This same invariant was studied in Taubes (2009), §4, therein denoted t r , and was shown (Taubes 2009, Proposition 4.3) to be generated by a single generator of the monopole Floer cochain complex. This generator is essentially the contact configuration, herein denoted C λ , with the caveat that a generic perturbation must be used in that context, else the monopole Floer cohomology groups cannot be defined.
By work of Taubes (2010aTaubes ( , 2010bTaubes ( , 2010cTaubes ( , 2010d, it was established that there is a natural equivalence between the monopole Floer cohomology HM * (Y, s λ ) and the embedded contact homology ECH * (Y, λ; 0) of M. Hutchings (vid. Hutchings & Taubes 2007). Furthermore, in ECH, there is a very simply defined contact invariant, which is the class generated by the empty set of Reeb orbits. In Taubes (2010e), Taubes established that, under his isomorphism, the ECH contact invariant corresponds to ψ(λ).
There is yet another guise under which ψ(λ) appears. In Kutluhan, Lee & Taubes (2020a, 2020b, 2020c, 2021a& 2021b, the authors construct isomorphisms between a variant of the monopole Floer homologies, called the balanced monopole Floer homologies, and the Heegaard Floer homologies of Ozsváth & Szabó (2004); in case b 1 = 0, these balanced monopole Floer homologies agree with the usual monopole Floer homologies. In Ozsváth & Szabó (2005), an invariant of contact structures is defined (up to sign) which lives in the group HF + (−Y, s λ ); this is usually denoted c + (Y, λ). This invariant was identified with the ECH version of the contact invariant in Colin, Ghiggini & Honda (2012a& 2012b. The manner via which the cohomotopical contact invariant Ψ(λ) recovers the cohomological invariant ψ(λ) is fundamentally rather simple. Returning to the motif of the collapse of all but a single cell in a CW-complex, one can obtain a class in the cohomology of that complex by pulling back the generator of the cohomology of the sphere. In the case of a U(1)-CW-complex, as has been said in the preceding section, the same construction leads to a map from the complex to the Thom space of a vector bundle over an orbit space. One then proceeds by understanding the Borel cohomology of the Thom space as being generated by an equivariant Thom class and the pullback of this Thom class provides a cohomological invariant. Since the classical cohomological contact invariant is the class in monopole Floer cohomology defined by the cochain consisting only of the generator associated to the contact monopole, it is not at all surprising that this approach shall work.
A quick review of the pertinent definitions is in line. In what follows, let G denote a compact Lie group.
Remark 5.2: Specialising this definition to when G act trivially on the base space X, the only type of orbit is i : ) as a free h * G (S 0 )-module. Remark 5.3: In the other extreme, specialising to when G act freely on X, the only type of orbit is i : G/1 → X, so the requirement is that θ G (V ) generate h * G (Θ G (V )) as a free h * G (X + )-module. Remark 5.4: It is not at all certain if, given a bundle, such an equivariant Thom class exists, or even if the prerequisite that h * G (Θ G (i * V )) be a free h * G ((G/H) + )-module with a single generator is satisfied. In the event that it exist, one shall say that V is h * G -orientable. Remark 5.5: Note that, for G = U(1) acting on X ∼ = U(1) freely, there always exists a Thom class for any U(1)-bundle E → X Definition 5.6: Use θ λ ∈ cH * U(1) (T (λ)) to denote the desuspension of the Thom class θ U(1) (E u,µ λ ) suitably suspended or desuspended according to Definition 4.31, where E u,µ λ → U λ is the unstable bundle of U λ in W µ .
Remark 5.7: Of course, this is only defined up to sign which shall be consistent with the familiar sign ambiguity of the contact invariant in monopole Floer cohomology (cf. Lin, Ruberman & Saveliev 2018).
Remark 5.8: In order to draw the comparison between the cohomological and cohomotopical invariants, one must work in the presence of an appropriate generic perturbation as that is how the cohomological invariant is defined in Kronheimer, Mrowka, Ozsváth & Szabó (2007) and Taubes (2009). It is not difficult to see that the construction of the invariant Ψ(λ) is not affected by the addition of a small generic perturbation. Indeed, in the case of a small generic perturbation p, there still is a distinguished solution nearby C λ and unique in that it satisfies the lower bound in its spinor component as in Theorem 2.24. Call this solution C λ (p). Furthermore, C λ (p) still satisfies the conclusion of Theorem 2.25; that is, there is no perturbed Seiberg-Witten trajectory whose forward limit be C λ (p). This follows from the compactness results in Kronheimer & Mrowka (2007), Chapter 16. The precise details shall be left out, but the idea is as follows. If this were not true for generic perturbations of arbitrarily small norm, one could form a sequence of such perturbations converging to zero, together with respective perturbed Seiberg-Witten trajectories; however, the compactness properties of the Seiberg-Witten map lead to a convergent subsequence; the limit of this subsequence provides a non-trivial Seiberg-Witten trajectory into the contact configuration thereby contradicting Theorem 2.25. For a detailed discussion of the generically perturbed case, vid. Roso (2023), §5.
Proof: The author shall begin by recalling the setup used in Lidman & Manolescu (2018a) to equate the cohomology of the SWF spectrum and the monopole Floer cohomology. To avoid potential confusion, the reader is cautioned that, in Lidman & Manolescu (2018a), the letter λ is used in the place where µ is in the present article. According to Lidman & Manolescu (2018a), Chapter 14, one can find a perturbation p with the properties that it be "very tame" Then, according to Lidman & Manolescu (2018a), Proposition 6.1.6, the spectra SWF p (Y, s λ ) and SWF(Y, s λ ) are U(1)-equivariantly stably homotopy equivalent. The point of using p is that the cohomology of SWF p (Y, s λ ) may be computed via a Morse complex technique which allows one to equate it to HM * (Y, s λ ).
To be more precise, define the anti-circular global Coulomb projection of the Seiberg-Witten vector field as X AGC λ,r;p := Π K AGC k X GC λ,r;p where Π K AGC j denotes the pointwiseg-orthogonal projection to the local slices K AGC k,C ⊂ W k (vid. Definition 4.5 and Definition 4.7). One can consider finite dimensional approximations of this vector field by setting X AGC,µ λ,r;p := p µ X AGC λ,r;p .
Then, one can extend this to a vector field on (W µ ) σ ; that is, the blow-up of W µ at the reducibles. Since U(1)-acts freely on the blow-up, one can quotient it and consider (W µ ) σ /U(1). The vector field X AGC,µ λ,r;p then uniquely defines a vector field on (W µ ) σ /U(1) which shall be denoted here by [X AGC,µ λ,r;p ] σ . One can form a Morse complex (Ĉ µ ,∂ µ ), where the abelian groupĈ µ is generated by the stationary points of [X AGC,µ λ,r;p ] σ inside B(W µ , 2R) σ /U(1), and the boundary map∂ µ is defined by a signed count of trajectories of [X AGC,µ λ,r;p ] σ having index 1.
According to Lidman & Manolescu (2018a), Equation (272), the cohomology cH i U(1) (SWF p (Y, s λ )) is identified with the cohomology of the Morse complex (Ĉ µ ,∂ µ ) within a grading range i ∈ {−M µ , . . . , M µ }, where M µ ∈ Q >0 is a certain number which is shown to go to infinity as the spectral cut-off parameter µ goes to infinity. On the other hand, Lidman & Manolescu (2018a), Equation (277) Consider now how the contact invariant ψ(λ) manifests itself in this picture. Firstly, note that the gauge equivalence class [C λ (p)] is an irreducible monopole; therefore, it is covered by the chain level identification above. It is established in Taubes (2009), Proposition 4.3, that, perhaps after yet another increase to the parameter r, the cohomological invariant may be described as the class in HM * (Y, s λ ) given by the cochain consisting only of the generator [C λ (p)]. Hence, in the cohomology of the Morse complex (Ĉ µ ,∂ µ ), the element ψ(λ) is represented by the gauge equivalence class [C λ (p)]. On the other hand, the cohomology class Ψ(λ) * (θ λ ) is precisely defined so that it be generated by the class [C λ (p)] as well; this is because Ψ(λ) is the quotient map of the quotient of SWF p (Y, s λ ) by every cell other than the distinguished U(1)-cell associated to [C λ (p)] (vid. Roso 2023, §5). QED Given Theorem 5.9, the author intends to use the newly constructed invariant to deduce results about ψ(λ) in contexts in which it has proven difficult to do so while relying solely on the machinery of monopole Floer homology, Heegaard Floer homology and embedded contact homology. Note that it is not clear, at the moment, if there is any case in which Ψ(λ) may hold any more information than ψ(λ) does. The key advantage of Ψ(λ) that the author wishes to emphasise is that it does not require a generic perturbation for its definition. This shall be exploited in the next section.

Finite Coverings
In Lidman & Manolescu (2018b), the authors studied the Seiberg-Witten Floer spectrum in the presence of a finite regular covering. The key to their results was the observation that the spectrum of the manifold upstairs in the covering acquires an action of the deck transformation group G and, upon taking appropriate fixed points of this action, one obtains the downstairs spectrum. A Smith-type inequality is then derived through actual application of Smith theory.
In this section, the author's goal is to formulate the contact invariant in this same scenario of a finite regular covering. This shall involve studying the attractor-repeller pair cofibration used to define the contact invariant in the G-equivariant setting. In doing so, one encounters no real difficulty and it is straightforward to obtain a G-equivariant cohomotopical contact invariant.
Consider a finite group G and a rational homology sphere Y equipped with a free G-action. Use π : Y → Y /G to denote the quotient map. Agree to fix a metric g on Y /G and use, on Y , the induced G-invariant metric π * g. Suppose λ be a contact form on Y /G so that π * λ be a G-equivariant contact form on Y . Notice that the canonical Spin C structure defined by λ on Y /G naturally lifts to Y as the canonical Spin C structure defined by π * λ; that is, π * s λ = s π * λ . Likewise, the connexion A π * λ on det s π * λ is the lift π * A λ of the connexion A λ on det s λ . Denote by W the global Coulomb slice with respect to A π * λ on Y and by W ′ the global Coulomb slice with respect to A λ on Y /G.
It is difficult to study this scenario in the classical setting of monopole Floer homology due to the need for generic perturbations in order to achieve the required Morse-Smale condition of Morse theory. Indeed, there is no guarantee that a sufficiently generic perturbation chosen for Y in order to satisfy the conditions for the construction of the group HM * (Y, π * s) can be made G-equivariant so that it define a valid perturbation for the construction of HM * (Y /G, s). As a consequence, the behaviour of the monopole Floer homology groups under coverings has proven elusive to study via the classical Morse theoretic approach. As the construction of the SWF spectrum avoids the addition of a generic perturbation, one can say something significant using this machinery. The author starts by recalling the main observations of Lidman & Manolescu (2018b).
Remark 6.1: Note that G acts linearly on the Coulomb slice W . Moreover, the quotient map π : Y → Y /G induces an inclusion W ′ ֒→ W which identifies W ′ with the fixed point space W G . This inclusion is not, however, an isometry in the L 2 -norm. Nonetheless, the L 2 ball B(W ′ , R ′ ) is identified with the L 2 ball B(W, |G|R ′ ) G ⊂ W , which allows one to construct the Sobolev norm on W so as to have it be G-invariant. As a consequence, in the Sobolev completions, one still has W ′ k = W G k . Remark 6.2: The Fredholm operator ℓ on Y is G-equivariant. Hence, its restriction to W G agrees with the analogous operator defined on Y /G. Therefore, use ℓ to denote both these operators. Furthermore, note that (W ′ ) µ = (W µ ) G . The map c is also G-equivariant, so a finite-type Seiberg-Witten trajectory in W ′ k is the same thing as a G-fixed finite-type Seiberg-Witten trajectory in W k . The same identification can be made between the Seiberg-Witten trajectories in the finite dimensional approximations.
Use R > 0 to denote the constant provided by Theorem 3.28 for the case of the manifold Y and R ′ > 0 to denote this constant for the quotient manifold Y /G. By perhaps increasing R or R ′ , one can ensure that R ′ = R/|G|. This means that R will also satisfy the conclusions of Theorem 3.28 for Y /G.
Next, recall from Remark 3.30 that the choice of bump functions u µ for Y was made so as to have it constant on the spheres centred at zero in the Sobolev norm; therefore, the u µ are automatically G-invariant. Therefore, their restrictions to (W µ ) G can be used to define the bump functions required for Y /G. With these conditions, the finite dimensional Seiberg-Witten flow ϕ µ π * λ,r of Y is G-equivariant and restricts to (W µ ) G as the finite dimensional Seiberg-Witten flow of Y /G. Now, if the reader agree to fix µ > 0 large enough so as to have Theorem 3.33 hold for both Y and Y /G, then, it follows that the isolated invariant set S µ π * λ,r is G-invariant and its G-fixed subset, (S µ π * λ,r ) G , is precisely the isolated invariant set used to define the SWF spectrum of Y /G. Moreover, since the G-action is linear on W µ , the isolating neighbourhood D(W µ , 2R) of S µ π * λ,r is G-invariant and D(W µ , R) G = D (W µ ) G , R serves as an isolating neighbourhood for the construction of the SWF spectrum on Y /G.
A few more notions from equivariant stable homotopy theory shall be required. In what follows, use H to denote an arbitrary compact Lie group. As before, the reader is directed to May & al. (1996) for further details.
Theorem 6.3: Given a closed normal subgroup K ⊂ H, there exists a functor, called the geometric fixed points functor, from H-spectra indexed over a universe V to (H/K)-spectra indexed over the universe V K , satisfying the properties that Proof: Vid. May & al. (1996), §XVI.3. QED Remark 6.4: Since the author is simply dealing with suspension spectra, these two properties suffice in understanding the geometric fixed points of the spectra at hand. In particular, note that, for an H-space X and an H-representation V , it follows that Definition 6.5: An H-universe is called complete if one can find, for any finite dimensional H-representation V , a sub-representation in V isomorphic to V .
Remark 6.6: For G the group of deck transformations of the covering π : Y → Y /G, notice that the universe W defined by the Coulomb gauge of Y is naturally a G × U(1)-universe and its G-fixed point space, W G , is the U(1)-universe defined by the Coulomb gauge of Y /G. Let U ′ denote a complete U(1) × G-universe. By intertwining with change of universe functors defined by an isometry W → U ′ , as was done in Definition 3.61, one can consider the functor Σ −W (−µ,0) as an endofunctor of the categoryh(U(1) × G)SU ′ .
Definition 6.7: Define the metric dependent G-equivariant Seiberg-Witten Floer spectrum as Remark 6.8: The author believes it to be possible to (de)suspend away the metric dependence in an analogous fashion to the non-equivariant case; however, it seems the details are somewhat subtle, so he chose not to pursue that goal in this article. This would involve considering a localization of the representation ring RO(U(1) × G), equivariant spectral flow and equivariant eta invariants.
Proof: Although the statement in Lidman & Manolescu (2018b) is made in terms of U(1) × G-spaces instead of spectra, the properties of the geometric fixed points functor mentioned above make clear that this is the correct statement for spectra. QED Now, the contact invariant construction shall be considered in this setting. If necessary, increase R, µ and the parameter r used in the Seiberg-Witten equations so that Remark 4.1, Proposition 4.8 and Theorem 4.17 be satisfied for both Y and Y /G.
Notice that the upstairs contact circle, U π * λ ⊂ (W µ ) G ⊂ W µ , is naturally identified with the downstairs contact circle, U λ . Beware, however, that the dual attractors to U π * λ in S µ π * λ,r and in (S µ π * λ,r ) G are, of course, not the same.
Proof: If (L, M, N ) be a U(1) × G-invariant index triple for S µ π * λ,r , then the triple of fixed point sets (L G , M G , N G ) is a U(1)-invariant index triple for (S µ π * λ,r ) G = S µ λ,r . The result follows at once. QED The extra data available due to the G-action allows one to define a G-equivariant (or (U(1) × G)equivariant) version of the monopole Floer cohomologies via the G-equivariant cohomology of the SWF spectrum since the spectrum has naturally acquired a G-action. There are three choices of equivariant cohomology theory which spring to mind in this context: Borel cohomology, equivariant K-theory and Bredon cohomology. In the present article, the author shall pursue the use of Borel cohomology as that turned out to be the most readily applicable.

Borel Cohomology
This section shall deal with the Borel G-equivariant cohomology of the spectrum SWF G and consider the resulting equivariant contact class. Despite the spectrum SWF G being a U(1) × G-spectrum, in the interests of simplicity, the author shall ignore the U(1)-action and only consider cohomologies equivariant with respect to the G-action. Application of Borel cohomology to the cohomotopical contact invariant leads to a G-equivariant cohomological contact invariant ψ G , which, as shall be seen, holds information about both the upstairs and downstairs contact structures of the covering. Verily, if one know the value of ψ G , one can recover the value of both cohomological contact invariants of the covering.
Ideally, what one really wishes is to infer something about the upstairs contact invariant from knowledge about the downstairs contact invariant; the new equivariant contact invariant, therefore, may seem not to be leading in that direction. However, Borel cohomology, under appropriate circumstances, enjoys the very powerful property that the cohomology of the fixed points of a G-space conditions significantly the Borel cohomology of the whole space; this is the content of the localization theorem. As a consequence of localization, one sometimes can determine the equivariant contact invariant from knowledge of the downstairs contact invariant. And, as the equivariant contact invariant recovers the non-equivariant upstairs contact invariant, this allows one to infer the upstairs contact invariant starting only from knowledge of the downstairs contact invariant.
The applicability of localization, however, is limited to scenarios where one know precisely what the SWF G spectrum is. This happens, for instance, in the event that there be a unique solution to the Seiberg-Witten equations, which implies that SWF G is an equivariant sphere spectrum. Nonetheless, such manifolds are sufficiently abundant that the results derived say something quite non-trivial. A special case of interest shall be that of elliptic manifolds, where a very general theorem may be stated which aids greatly in determining whether the lift of a tight contact structure remains tight or becomes overtwisted.
For further simplicity, the author shall avoid the language of G-spectra and work instead at the level of G-spaces as much as possible in this section. This is similar to what is done in Lidman & Manolescu (2018b). The main reason being that the appropriate form of the localization theorem is more difficult to describe for spectra as questions about the various forms of fixed points functors come into play.
Let Y , G, π, g and λ be as in the previous section.
Definition 7.1: Define the G-equivariant Borel metric dependent monopole Floer cohomology as c HM * G (Y, π * s, π * g; R) := cH * G (SWF G (Y, π * s, π * g); R) where R is some commutative ring, which will be left implicit in the notation henceforth.
Remark 7.2: In order to make the best out of Borel cohomology, it is best to focus on the case G = Z/pZ for a prime p. In this case, the coefficient ring R shall be chosen to be Z/pZ. For the remainder of this section, these choices shall be implicit lest the notation become overloaded.
Remark 7.3: Since SWF G (Y, π * s, π * g) depends on g only up to suspension by G-representations, it follows that c HM * G (Y, π * s, π * g) depends on g only up to shifts in grading, which, although cosmetically unpleasant, is not a major issue in practice.
Definition 7.4: Given a G-representation V and a ring R, one says that V is G-equivariantly R-orientable if the vector bundle V G := (V × EG)/G over BG be R-orientable. In which case, one writes e G (V ) ∈ cH * G (S 0 ; R) for its Euler class.
Remark 7.5: Since the author is using coefficients R = Z/pZ for the group G = Z/pZ and p is a prime, it follows that all G-representations are G-equivariantly R-orientable. In the case p = 2, all vector bundles are R-orientable anyway. Otherwise, if p be an odd prime, then any non-trivial representation of G is complex and, therefore, the vector bundle defined over BG shall also be complex and therefore orientable over any field. So, in any event, an equivariant Euler class always exists for the purposes being pursued here.
Remark 7.6: Note that, due to the Thom isomorphism, for an orientable G-representation V , the ring cH * G (V + ) is isomorphic to cH * G (S 0 ) with its grading shifted by dim V . Moreover, under this isomorphism, notice that the Thom class θ G (V G ) of the bundle V G → BG gets sent to 1 ∈H 0 G (S 0 ). In other words, one can think of θ G (V G ) as a G-equivariant fundamental class of the G-manifold V + .
Theorem 7.7: (Localization Theorem) Let Γ be a finite G-CW-complex and S ⊂H * (BG; Z/pZ) consist of those elements which be Euler classes of G-representations having no trivial summand. The inclusion of fixed points Γ G ֒→ Γ induces an isomorphism between cohomologies localized with respect to S, Proof: Vid. tom Dieck 1987, Theorem 3.13. QED Example 7.8: Consider the inclusion of fixed points of a G-representation sphere coming from a G-representation V potentially having V G = 0. In this example, assume p > 2. Firstly, recall that, in this case, the cohomology of BG is the ring where deg u = 2, deg v = 1. It is worth paying close attention to this ring. In the following diagram, the top row indicates the abelian subgroups at each degree, the middle row indicates the generator with the corresponding degree and the bottom row indicates the numerical value of the degree.
Now, because p > 2 is an odd prime, all representations of G are complex and therefore define orientable bundles over BG. It follows from the Thom isomorphism that and likewise for (V + ) G . Hence, before localization, the inclusion of fixed points (V + ) G ֒→ V + induces a map which, in the notation above, is depicted as · · · 0 0 · · · 0 Z/pZ · · · ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ · · · 0 Z/pZ · · · Z/pZ Z/pZ · · · , where all the Z/pZ → Z/pZ maps are isomorphisms. Now, consider the effect of localization. The set S with respect to which one must perform localization is the set {u n | n > 0}; this can be seen from looking at the representation theory of G. The localized Borel cohomology therefore is Schematically, · · · Z/pZ Z/pZ Z/pZ Z/pZ Z/pZ Z/pZ Z/pZ · · · u −1 After localization, the map induced by the inclusion of fixed points takes the form · · · Z/pZ Z/pZ · · · Z/pZ Z/pZ · · · ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ · · · Z/pZ Z/pZ · · · Z/pZ Z/pZ · · · , where all maps are isomorphisms. Example 7.9: Now, consider the same scenario but with p = 2. In this case, recall that the cohomology of BG is the ring cH * G (S 0 ) = (Z/2Z)[u] where deg u = 1. In particular, as an abelian group, this is the same as in the case p > 2; only the ring structures differ. Again, draw the same sort of diagram as before.
Unlike in the p > 2 case, here, there are non-trivial real representations of G which define non-orientable bundles over BG. No matter; in this case, the coefficient ring being used for cohomology theories is Z/2Z, and all vector bundles are Z/2Z-orientable. Hence, again by the Thom isomorphism, and likewise for (V + ) G . As before, the inclusion of fixed points (V + ) G ֒→ V + induces a map where all the Z/2Z → Z/2Z maps are 1 → 1. Localization, in this case, is with respect to the set S = {u n | n > 0}. Therefore, The end result is effectively the same as in the p > 2 case; the map induced by the inclusion of fixed points is · · · Z/2Z Z/2Z · · · Z/2Z Z/2Z · · · ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ · · · Z/2Z Z/2Z · · · Z/2Z Z/2Z · · · , where all maps are isomorphisms.
Let e ֒→ E µ λ denote a fibre of the bundle. Note that e is a G-representation and decompose it as e G ⊕ f where f is a G-representation with trivial fixed points, f G = 0. Next, consider the unstable normal bundle E u,µ λ → U λ . The Conley index is again computed as I(U λ , ϕ µ λ,r ) = Θ(E u,µ λ ). One can ensure that the unstable normal bundles be related as E u,µ λ = (E u,µ π * λ ) G . Hence, the Conley indices of U λ in (W µ ) G and of U π * λ in W µ are related by Since I(U λ , ϕ µ λ,r ) is G-trivial, one has that cH * G (I(U λ , ϕ µ λ,r )) ∼ =H * (I(U λ , ϕ µ λ,r )) ⊗ Z/pZ cH * G (S 0 ) and, similarly, Remark 7.11: Next, consider a non-equivariant Thom class for the bundle E u,µ λ → U λ . Bearing in mind the isomorphisms outlined in the previous remark, define a class It is easy to verify that the class θ G (E u,µ π * λ ) serves as a G-equivariant Thom class for the G-bundle E u,µ π * λ → U π * λ . Remark 7.12: Due to the difficulties of working with localization in the context of spectra, the author decided to proceed with certain arguments applied prior to desuspension. For that end, it becomes useful to define contact invariants dependent on the sufficiently large spectral cut-off parameter. In what follows, let µ > 0 again be large enough to satisfy what is said in Theorem 3.33 and Proposition 4.12.
Proof: Consider the commuting diagram where the horizontal arrows come from the cofibre maps and the vertical from the inclusion of fixed points. By the isomorphisms discussed in Remark 7.10, one can rewrite the right vertical map as Moreover, with respect to these tensor products, this map is simply id ⊗ i * where i is the inclusion of fixed points i : S 0 ֒→ f + . But note that i * θ G (f G ) is, by definition, the Euler class e G (f). The result then follows by commutativity of the diagram. QED Proposition 7.16: If ψ G (π * λ, π * g, µ) = 0, then ψ(λ, g, µ) = 0.
Proof: Since the representation f has no trivial summand, the Euler class e G (f) is never zero. The result then follows immediately from Proposition 7.15. QED One can now desuspend appropriately to obtain a result that is not dependent on the spectral cut-off µ.
Proof: Follows directly from Proposition 7.16 after desuspension. QED Remark 7.19: Recall that there is a natural transformation cH * G →H * induced by the inclusion of the fibre of the Borel construction. That is, if Γ be a G-space, {p} × Γ ֒→ Γ G := (EG × Γ)/G. In the present context, this translates to a forgetful map c HM * G (Y, π * s λ , π * g) → HM * (Y, π * s λ , π * g).
Proof: This follows simply from the fact that the equivariant Thom class is sent to a non-equivariant Thom class for the bundle E u,µ π * λ → U π * λ via the map cH * G (I G (U π * λ )) →H * (I(U π * λ )).
Proof: Corollary of Theorem 7.18 and Theorem 7.20. QED In order to seek computable examples, the author shall make use of the following definition first used in the work of Lin & Lipnowski (2022).
Definition 7.22: By saying that Y is a minimal L-space, one means that the perturbed Seiberg-Witten equations admit no irreducible solutions for some perturbation of arbitrarily small norm. Example 7.25: By recent work of Lin (2020), it is known that all rational homology 3-spheres which have sol geometry are minimal L-spaces.
Example 7.26: According to the surprising work of Lin & Lipnowski (2022), it is known that certain well known hyperbolic rational homology 3-spheres are also minimal L-spaces.
Remark 7.27: Assume that X be a minimal L-space. In this case, it is easy to see that SWF(X, s, g) = Σ −W (−µ,0) S where S ∈ SR ∞ is the sphere spectrum (cf. Manolescu 2003, §10, example about the Poincaré homology sphere). Likewise, supposing Y to be a minimal L-space upon which G freely act, it is just as easy to see that where S G ∈ GSU ′ is the G-equivariant sphere spectrum for the universe U ′ seen as a complete G-universe; this is because, there being a unique solution to the Seiberg-Witten equations, G can only act trivially on it and, therefore, the action on the Conley index will come entirely from the linear action on W µ .
Remark 7.28: In order to apply the localization theorem, it is easiest to work at the level of spaces instead of spectra and consider the inclusion of fixed points (cf. Theorem 6.9) I(S µ λ,r , ϕ µ λ,r ) → I G (S µ π * λ,r , ϕ µ π * λ,r ). This is simply the inclusion of fixed points of a G-representation sphere, exactly as was studied in Example 7.8 and Example 7.9. The crux of the matter is to deduce what this says about the contact invariants at play. The first observation is the following.
Proof: Follows from Proposition 7.15 after localizing. QED Theorem 7.30: Suppose π : Y → Y /G be a regular p-fold covering of minimal L-spaces where p be prime and let λ be a contact form on Y /G. It follows that ψ G (π * λ, π * g) = 0 if and only if ψ(λ, g) = 0.
Proof: Noting, again, that it suffices to work with the analogous invariants dependent on the metric and the spectral cut-off parameter, combine Theorem 7.30 and Theorem 7.20. QED Definition 7.32: For a rational homology 3-sphere Y with Spin C structure s, the Frøyshov invariant, h(Y, s), is defined as follows. Recall firstly that, as a Z[U ]-module, HM * (Y, s) splits as a rank one free summand and a torsion summand. Let h(Y, s) be minus one half of the minimal degree, with respect to the absolute Q-grading, in which the free summand be non-zero.
Remark 7.33: There is another well known invariant extracted from the Q-grading of a Floer theory; in this case, from the Heegaard Floer theory. This one is denoted d(Y, s) and was first defined by Ozsváth & Szabó (2003) in a similar fashion but referencing HF + * (Y, s) instead of HM * (Y, s). According to the corpus that has equated Heegaard Floer homology, monopole Floer cohomology and embedded contact homology, the invariants h and d, in fact, hold the same information but, for historical reasons, they are related by −2d(Y, s) = h(Y, s). This is achieved via the isomorphisms that preserve the absolute grading of the Floer theories by hyperplane fields (vid. Cristofaro-Gardiner 2013, Ramos 2018 and the observation that the Q-grading, in each case, is recovered through Gompf's d 3 invariant of the hyperplane fields, perhaps plus one half depending on one's conventions. The advantage of working with the Ozsváth-Szabó invariant is that it is readily computable for many important classes of manifolds. Theorem 7.34: Suppose π : Y → Y /G be a regular p-fold covering of minimal L-spaces where p be prime and let λ be a contact form on Y /G. If ψ(λ) = 0 and deg ψ(π * λ) = −2h(Y, π * s λ ), it follows that ψ(π * λ) = 0.
The reader can find a precise definition of d 3 , originally due to Gompf (1998), in the following section, which shall de dedicated to understanding its behaviour under coverings.
Theorem 7.38: (Matkovič 2018;Ghiggini 2008;Ghiggini, Lisca & Stipsicz 2006;Wu 2006) The tight contact structures on a small Seifert fibred L-space all have non-vanishing contact invariant and no pair of non-isotopic tight contact structures share the same Spin C structure.
Remark 7.39: Elliptic manifolds are small Seifert fibred L-spaces, and this theorem allows one to state a stronger version of the above results.
Corollary 7.40: Suppose π : Y → Y /G be a regular p-fold covering of elliptic manifolds where p be prime and let λ be a tight contact form on Y /G. It follows that π * λ is tight if and only if d 3 (π * λ) + 1 2 = −2h(Y, π * s λ ). Remark 7.41: One can avoid computing the Frøyshov invariant here if one know precisely the list of tight contact structures on Y together with their corresponding Spin C structures and d 3 invariants. In that event, it suffices for one to compute π * s λ and d 3 (π * Ker λ) and compare with the entries of that list. If there be a match, π * λ must be tight, if not, π * λ must be overtwisted. This may be useful in some cases where computing Frøyshov invariants is difficult and the classification of tight contact structures is known by other methods, but it should be noted that, in many cases of interest, the calculations required to classify tight contact structures on small Seifert fibred L-spaces require comprehensive knowledge of the Frøyshov invariants (cf. Matkovič 2018). In summary, this can be phrased as follows.
Corollary 7.42: Suppose π : Y → Y /G be a regular p-fold covering of elliptic manifolds where p be prime and let λ be a tight contact form on Y /G. It follows that π * λ is isotopic to a given tight contact structure -and therefore is also tight -if and only if it is homotopic to said tight contact structure.
Use Y HW to denote the Hantzsche-Wendt manifold, that is, the unique rational homology 3-sphere with Euclidean geometry. A curious fact about Y HW is that there are cyclic self-coverings Y HW → Y HW of any odd degree (vid. Chelnokov & Mednykh 2020). As Y HW is also known to be a minimal L-space, one could hope to apply the above methods here. Unfortunately, this fails because these self-coverings are never regular due to the first homology of Y HW having even order whilst the coverings odd order.
The case of the rational homology spheres admitting Sol geometry may be one where the methods developed here can work. The problem, however, lies in the limited knowledge available about the contact topology of such manifolds; there is no known classification of the isotopy classes of tight contact structures. Hence, before being able to apply Theorem 7.34 in this case, one would have to produce tight contact structures and develop a way to compute the respective Frøyshov invariants. The author intends to pursue that route in later work.
A similar story can be told of the few hyperbolic manifolds known to be minimal L-spaces; although the methods above make non-trivial statements about lifting tight contact structures, one hardly has the ability to apply them due to lack of information about the contact topology of those manifolds. One case where the methods developed here can be applied is the double covering of the hyperbolic manifold m007(3, 1) by m036(−3, 2), where the notation being used is that of the Hodgeson-Weeks census of small volume closed hyperbolic 3-manifolds from the well known SnapPy software of Culler, Dunfield, Goerner & Weeks. That both these manifolds are minimal L-spaces is the consequence of the work of Lin & Lipnowski (2022), Theorem 1.
This leaves the elliptic manifolds currently as the best place in which to seek to perform concrete computations. In the next few sections, the author shall proceed to develop certain topological techniques which shall be required for these calculations. The goal shall be to apply Corollary 7.42 to find certain tight contact structures which lift to tight contact structures by showing simply that the lift have the same homotopy theoretic invariants as a known tight contact structure. In order to do that, one must address the problem of computing the obstruction theoretic invariants of the lifted contact structure. There are two obstruction theoretic invariants: the Spin C structure and the d 3 invariant of Gompf. Lifting either of them provides a challenge of its own that must be overcome. The next two sections shall deal with these two problems.

The d3 Invariant and Finite Coverings
Consider the following problem. Say λ be a contact form on a rational homology 3-sphere Y /G regularly and finitely covered by π : Y → Y /G. Given the value of d 3 (Ker λ) is it possible to say something about the value of d 3 (π * Ker λ)? This problem was studied by Khuzam (2012) via use of the G-signature theorem. In summary, one can solve the problem by seeking an almost complex 4-manifold-with-boundary having the contact manifold (Y, π * λ) as its almost complex boundary and extending the G-action into its interior. The action need not remain free inside the 4-manifold-with-boundary; it need only have a properly embedded closed surface as its G-fixed points. Having such an equivariant almost complex filling, one can infer the lifting behaviour of the d 3 invariant of the contact form λ.
Producing such a 4-manifold-with-boundary is typically a difficult task. The goal of this section is to describe a method that the author devised by use of Kirby calculus to construct such a filling. The method consists, in essence, of the following. One starts with a Kirby diagram of Y /G, which also defines a 4-dimensional 2-handlebody having Y /G as its boundary. Then, one removes a set of 2-handles judiciously so that the resulting handlebody evidently have a branched covering with branching locus a properly embedded surface with boundary at the curves along which the removed 2-handles were originally attached. Next, one computes this branched covering, and proceeds to equivariantly attach 2-handles in the hope that, in the quotient, these 2-handles be precisely the 2-handles that were removed initially. This procedure is not always easy to carry out, but, in simple cases such as when Y /G be a surgery on a knot, it can be readily done. One must also be careful with the almost complex structure on the filling. To achieve that, one considers Legendrian Kirby diagrams for the contact manifold (Y /G, λ).
As an application of the method, the author shall calculate the d 3 invariant of the lift of a tight contact structure of the (−8)-surgery on the left-handed trefoil via a double covering. This is an example of a prism manifold, therefore elliptic, so one can apply the results of the preceding section to try and determine if the lifted contact structure remains tight. Recall that, for the lift to be tight, one needs the lift to have an appropriate pair of d 3 invariant and Spin C structure. It shall be shown that it does indeed have the appropriate d 3 invariant, whereas, understanding the behaviour of the Spin C structures under coverings is the content of the next section.
To begin, the author shall recall the relevant definitions and the standard results that shall be needed. Let Y , G, π, g and λ be as in the previous section. where the notation c 2 ∈ Q, for a class c ∈ H 2 (X; Z), is defined in Definition 3.65.
Remark 8.3: The author shall sometimes write d 3 (λ) instead of d 3 (Ker λ) as that is more convenient in the present context.
Remark 8.4: Gompf originally called this invariant θ and the factor of 1/4 was not present in his definition. There is another convention sometimes found in the literature, particularly in the context of Heegaard Floer theory, wherein the value of d 3 has 1/2 added to what was defined above. The appeal of doing so is that the grading of the contact invariant becomes d 3 instead of d 3 + 1/2. Now, consider again the case of finite coverings. The following result of Khuzam summarizes what can be said by means of the G-signature theorem about the lifting behaviour of d 3 .
Theorem 8.5: (Khuzam 2012, Theorem 2) Suppose π : Y → Y /G be an m-fold regular cyclic covering. Let λ be a contact form on Y /G and π * λ its lift to Y . Suppose further that one have Π : M → M/G an m-fold cyclic branched covering of almost complex 4-manifolds-with-boundary where the branching locus be a closed surface S ⊂ M satisfying S ∩ ∂M = ∅ and where (Y, π * λ) be the almost complex boundary of M . Then, the d 3 invariants of λ and π * λ are related by where γ k denotes the angle of rotation given by the action of the element k ∈ Z/mZ on the normal planes to the surface S when X be equipped with a Z/mZ-invariant metric. In fact, this metric can always be chosen so that γ k = 2πk/m.
Remark 8.6: In the present article, the author follows the convention that the lens space L(p, 1) is the one given by (−p)-surgery on the unknot in S 3 .
Example 8.7: In Khuzam (2012), the only example studied is that of the universal covering S 3 → L(p, 1) of the lens space L(p, 1). As a first example here, the author shall extend that to the lens covering L(p, 1) → L(mp, 1). One can construct the branched covering Π : M → M/G as follows. Let M be the disk bundle over S 2 of Euler class −p so that ∂M = L(p, 1). Note, G := Z/mZ acts on M by rotating the disk fibres. The action is free away from the zero section, which is fixed; therefore, S := M G ∼ = S 2 . The manifold M/G is no other than the disk bundle of Euler class −mp over S 2 , so its boundary is L(mp, 1). Both M and M/G have almost complex structures coming from their disk bundle structures and Π is pseudoholomorphic with respect to these. Clearly, this is precisely the scenario of Theorem 8.5 and it becomes possible to compute d 3 (π * λ) from the value of d 3 (λ). The lens space L(mp, 1) admits precisely mp − 1 tight contact forms λ 1 , . . . , λ mp−1 (vid. Honda 1999or Giroux 2000 satisfying Noting that S · S = −p, one computes where the author used the well known identity m−1 j=1 csc 2 (jπ/m) = (m 2 − 1)/3, cf. Cauchy (1821), Note VIII. Comparing this with the possible values of the d 3 invariants for the tight contact structures on L(p, 1), one easily sees that the only values of k for which d 3 (π * λ k ) matches the value of the d 3 invariant of some tight contact structure on L(p, 1) are k = 1 and k = mp − 1. These are the universally tight contact structures of L(mp, 1) and, in any event, one knows that they lift to the universally tight contact structures on L(p, 1), so there is nothing interesting happening in this family of examples; that is, all virtually overtwisted contact structures immediately lift to overtwisted contact structures. Remark 8.8: As the reader may have foreseen, finding the equivariant almost complex filling of the contact G-manifold (Y, π * λ) in order to apply Theorem 8.5, is not typically an easy task. The remainder of this section, shall introduce a method for producing examples of such fillings by use of Kirby calculus. The rationale is the following. Firstly, one constructs a branched covering of 4-manifolds-with-boundary where the branching locus is allowed to intersect the boundary; secondly, a set of 2-handles is equivariantly glued in order to cap off the branching locus thereby making the boundary freely acted by the deck transformations.
Remark 8.9: Such matters shall require working with knot diagrams. The author prefers to draw what are called grid diagrams. These are knot diagrams where only vertical and horizontal lines occur, and apparent corners should be understood as being arcs with of a very small radius. This style of diagram has the advantage of bringing isotopies and Reidemeister moves more evidently into the realm of combinatorics. The following figure shows the example of the left-handed trefoil as a grid diagram. Definition 8.12: By a Legendrian knot or link in a contact 3-manifold (Y, λ), one means a knot or link everywhere tangent to the contact structure Ker λ.
Remark 8.13: It is standard to represent Legendrian knots in S 3 = (R 3 ) + , with its standard contact form λ = dz + xdy, via their front projection diagrams. Those are the knot diagrams one obtains when projecting a knot to the yz-plane. This leads to a diagram that possesses no tangencies parallel to the y-axis but may have cusps pointing in directions parallel to the z-axis and whose transverse crossings must always have the strand passing underneath be the one for which the slope dz/dy be highest. Conversely, any such diagram where all crossings be transverse is the front projection of a Legendrian knot. The grid knot diagrams, which the author favours, can readily be used to represent front projection diagrams if the following convention be agreed: the y-axis is understood to point in the southeast direction and the z-axis in the northeast direction. Here, the corners of the curve pointing in the southwest and northeast directions are understood to be smoothed as before whereas those pointing in the northwest and southeast are understood to be cusps. Note that the diagram in Figure 8.10 can be reinterpreted as a front projection diagram as it satisfies the required conditions. The following figure shows another inequivalent example of a Legendrian left-handed trefoil. When the author desire for the reader to interpret a particular diagram as Legendrian, he shall make it clear from the context; otherwise, the diagrams are to be understood simply as representing smooth links. Definition 8.16: The Thurston-Bennequin invariant, tb(K) ∈ Z, of a Legendrian knot K ⊂ S 3 is the value of the contact framing relative to the 0-framing; that is, relative to the framing induced by a Seifert surface. Proof: Vid. e.g. Geiges (2008), Proposition 3.5.9. QED Example 8.18: The Legendrian left-handed trefoil K in Figure 8.14 has tb(K) = −7.
Definition 8.19: The rotation number, r(K), of an oriented Legendrian knot in S 3 is the degree of the map f : S 1 → S 1 defined as follows. Take some parametrization γ : S 1 → S 3 of K. Let Σ ⊂ S 3 denote a Seifert surface for K. Trivialize the standard contact structure of S 3 over Σ yielding a bundle isomorphic to Σ × R 2 . Since K is Legendrian, the derivative γ ′ together with this trivialization defines a map S 1 → R 2 \ {0}. Given a deformation retraction R 2 \ {0} → S 1 , this defines the desired map f : S 1 → S 1 .
Definition 8.20: For an oriented Legendrian knot K ⊂ S 3 , denote, respectively, by c + (K) and c − (K) the number upwardly and downwardly oriented cusps of a front projection diagram of K. In a Legendrian grid diagram of the sort being used by the author, c + (K) is the number of corners which start by pointing east and finish by pointing north as one traverses it along the orientation of K, while c − (K) is the number of corners which start by pointing south and finish by pointing west.
Definition 8.23: A 3-manifold Y given as surgery on a Legendrian link in S 3 where the framing of a link component K is precisely the contact framing minus 1 is called a Legendrian surgery.
A Legendrian surgery naturally inherits a tight contact structure from S 3 . Moreover, the 4-manifoldwith-boundary obtained from the corresponding Kirby diagram has a natural complex structure; indeed, it is a Stein surface. For a reference, vid. Gompf (1998). This means that d 3 invariants can be read off this Kirby diagram as follows.
Proposition 8.24: (Gompf 1998) Let (Y, λ) be a contact rational homology 3-sphere given as Legendrian surgery on a Legendrian link n i=1 K i in S 3 . Use L to denote the linking matrix of the link and σ(L) its signature as a symmetric bilinear form. Then, Remark 8 Remark 8.28: Returning now to the context of Remark 8.25, one desires to equivariantly attach 2-handles to the manifold M ′ in order to convert the branched covering of 3-manifolds π : Y ′ → X ′ to a genuine covering π : Y → X, where X be the 3-manifold with which one has started. Whether this is possible or not is a matter about the framings of the handles {h i | i ∈ I ′ } which were initially removed from N resulting in the manifold N ′ . Consider a fixed i ∈ I ′ . Now, equivariantly attach a 2-handleh i along the knot (Π ′ ) −1 (K i ) with framing determined by an integer m i ∈ Z. One hopes to be able to choose m i so that the corresponding quotient handlẽ h i /G have the same framing as the handle h i of N ; thereby allowing one to identify them. The main issue is that determining the behaviour of framings under the quotient turns out to be a subtle matter.
Instead of considering this general case, simplify the scenario as follows. Consider instead a manifold N as above but consisting of a single 2-handle h attached along a knot K ⊂ S 3 with framing n. Then, one forms N ′ by removing h to obtain, of course, the disk D 4 . The manifold M ′ , therefore, is a familiar sort of manifold; it is the branched covering of D 4 branched over the Seifert surface of K with its interior pushed into the interior of D 4 . In this case, it is an easy matter to determine the behaviour of framings under the quotient. If one equivariantly attach a 2-handleh to M ′ along (Π ′ ) −1 (K) with framing m, the framing of the quotient handlẽ h/G shall be mp. Hence, for the procedure to work, one needed n to be a multiple of p.
The process of computing branched coverings in Kirby calculus is outlined in Gompf & Stipsicz (1999), §6.3. In general, it can be a difficult procedure where one obtains a Kirby diagram for the complement of a tubular neighbourhood of the branching surface, computes the genuine covering of the resulting manifold and then glues handles to fill in the hole left by the removal of the branching surface. There is a simpler approach, discussed in Rolfsen (2003), which has the disadvantage of requiring blow-ups to be performed. By a blow-up the author means the formation of the connected sum with a copy of CP 2 or CP 2 . In the case of CP 2 , almost complex complex structures can be naturally carried to the blow-up; in the case of CP 2 , this is not the case.
Hence, for the purposes being pursued in this section, one may only perform blow-ups of the type where one takes the connected sum with a copy CP 2 . The procedure is as follows. Starting with the Kirby diagram of N consisting of a single 2-handle h attached along a knot K, perform a sequence of blow-ups in order to untie K without changing the framing n of the handle h. Now, the branched covering that one needs to compute is simply branched over a disk since K has become the unknot. This is a significantly easier task than the general case. Consider now a concrete example in which to apply this procedure. Start with the manifold X given as (−8)-surgery on the left handed trefoil knot K. This manifold admits a double covering, which is the one that shall be studied here. One can perform a single blow-up to untie K as depicted in Figure 8.29. Hence, the manifold N shall be the 2-handlebody defined by the right hand side Kirby diagram of Figure 8.29. After a series of isotopies, one can achieve the form on the left hand side of the following figure. After another isotopy, one obtains the diagram in right hand side of Figure 8.30. What one desires to do now is to remove the (−8)-framed handle in order to form the manifold N ′ as depicted in the left hand side of the following figure. Once that be done, one can read off the double branched covering branched over the obvious Seifert disk for the knot K. The resulting manifold, M ′ , is depicted on the right hand side of the following figure. The more lightly stroked curve indicates the handle which has been removed, which is, therefore, also the boundary of the branching locus. Remark 8.32: Notice that the framings behave under the branched covering in such a manner that the blackboard framing be preserved irrespective of the change in the writhes. This is why the (−1)-framed handle lifts to a pair of (+1)-framed handles.
Next, one equivariantly attaches a 2-handle along (Π ′ ) −1 (K) in order to cap off the branching surface S leading to the branched covering of 4-manifolds-with-boundary seen in the following figure where the branching locus no longer intersects the boundary. Proposition 8.34: The manifold X defined by (−8)-surgery on the left handed trefoil admits a contact form λ which lifts via a double covering Y → X to a contact form π * λ having d 3 (π * λ) = 1/4.
Proof: Define N and M to be the 4-manifolds-with-boundary on the left and right hand side of Figure 8.33 respectively. Here, the branching locus no longer intersects the boundaries X = ∂N and Y := ∂M ; therefore, one can apply Theorem 8.5 but only to the subset -and this subset may be proper -of the contact structures on X which occur as almost complex boundaries of N . The author shall focus on a particular contact structure. Let λ be the contact structure on X defined as the Legendrian surgery according to the Legendrian representative of K seen in Figure 8.14. Recall, from Example 8.18, that the Thurston-Bennequin invariant of this Legendrian knot is −7; hence, the Legendrian surgery is indeed the topological (−8)-surgery. Since, in defining the 4manifold-with-boundary N , only a (−1)-blow-up was performed, this contact structure is still an almost complex boundary of N . From Example 8.22, one knows that the rotation number is 0. With these data, one applies Proposition 8.24 to find that Now, using Theorem 8.5, one computes (1, −1), (3, 2), (2, 1), (2, 1)).
Proof: The left-handed trefoil is a torus knot; hence, one can establish the Seifert invariants of X from a well known theorem of Moser (1971). QED Corollary 8.36: The double cover Y of X is the lens space L(12, 7).
Proof: One can compute coverings directly from the Seifert invariants. The Seifert manifold (S 2 ; (1, −1), (3, 2), (2, 1), (2, 1)) has a horizontal double covering (meaning it lifts Seifert fibres to Seifert fibres 1-to-1) with invariants (S 2 ; (1, −1), (1, −1), (3, 2), (3, 2), (1, 1), (1, 1)) and this is one of the Seifert structures on the lens space L (12, 7). QED Remark 8.37: The lens space L(12, 7) can be obtained as surgery on a chain of three unknots with framings respectively −2, −4 and −2. According to the classification of tight contact structures on lens spaces due, independently, to Honda (1999) and Giroux (2000), the manifold Y has precisely 3 isotopy classes of tight contact structures. Each of these contact structures comes from Legendrian surgery on the three possible Legendrian stabilizations of this chain of unknots having the appropriate Thurston-Bennequin invariants. The three Legendrian surgery diagrams are depicted in the following figure.  Figure 8.38 is the one that shall receive special attention as its d 3 invariant matches that of the lift of the tight contact structure on X via the double cover. In order to apply Corollary 7.42 and see that these two contact structure are one and the same, what remains to be shown is whether the Spin C structures also agree. This problem shall be studied in the next section.

The Spin-C Structure and Finite Coverings
This section shall deal with a fairly elementary problem but one that turns out to be quite difficult to solve in practice. The problem is that of lifting Spin C structures across finite coverings. There are various methods which one might try to use in approaching this problem. For instance, in the case of Seifert manifolds, there is a certain canonical Spin C structure defined by the Seifert fibration. This canonical Spin C structure is pulled back naturally via coverings and, therefore, it suffices to have a good description of it upstairs and downstairs in the covering in order to understand how every other Spin C structure lifts. This is so because the set of Spin C structures on a manifold Y is a H 2 (Y ; Z)-torsor, and, under the map induced by a covering, this torsor structure is preserved; hence, it suffices to understand the induced map in the second cohomology together with how one single Spin C structure lifts in order to deduce the action on every other. Another approach is to use contact topology. Suppose one know of a certain universally tight contact structure λ on Y , then, its lift must always be universally tight via any covering. If there not be many of these upstairs, this reveals information about what the lift of the Spin C structure associated with λ is. This strategy is particularly useful in the case of lens spaces. Another method is to turn to Spin structures. To any Spin structure is associated a Spin C structure in a natural way. Hence, it is suffices to know how a Spin structure lifts via a covering to deduce how the Spin C structures lift as well.
This last approach shall be the one pursued in the present section. Spin structures can be studied with the aid of the Kirby calculus and this fits well into the picture of lifting d 3 invariants of the preceding section. Indeed, Gompf & Stipsicz (1999) describe not only how to express Spin structures on a 3-manifold given by a Kirby diagram by ascribing extra decorations to it, but also how this description changes under Kirby moves. The main feat of the current section is to describe the manner in which this description of Spin structures behaves under finite coverings.
The double covering of the (−8)-surgery on the left-handed trefoil considered in the previous section shall continue to furnish examples in this section. By the end, it shall be established that the tight contact structure whose lift was postulated to be tight indeed has its Spin C structure lift to the correct one, so that the theorems concerning the equivariant contact invariant assert that the lift be tight.
Definition 9.1: Let M be an n-manifold with n ≥ 3 and use M k to denote the k-skeleton of M in some cellular decomposition of M . By a Spin structure on M one means a trivialization of TM | M1 which extend to TM | M2 .
According to Gompf & Stipsicz (1999), Spin structures can be understood in terms of Kirby calculus in a rather convenient fashion which shall be recalled next. Consider a 3-manifold Y given as the boundary of a 2-handlebody M . Denote by {K i ⊂ S 3 | i ∈ I} the set of knots onto which the 2-handles of M are attached and by {h i | i ∈ I} the corresponding 2-handles.
Definition 9.2: Given a Spin structure S on Y , define the class w 2 (M, S) ∈ H 2 (M, Y ; Z/2Z) as the obstruction to extending S from Y to M . For each i, suppose F i ⊂ M to be a closed surface constructed by taking a Seifert surface for the knot in S 3 along which the 2-handle h i was attached, pushing the interior of this Seifert surface into the interior of D 4 and capping it by gluing it to the core disk of the handle h i . Orient the closed surface F i in a manner compatible to the orientation of the knot along which h i was attached. Notice that the classes [F i ] span H 2 (M ; Z) as a Z-module.
Remark 9.7: In a Kirby diagram, the author shall denote a Spin structure S by writing a 0 or a 1 following the framing coefficient separated from it by a comma next to each 2-handle. This signifies the value of the evaluation of w 2 (Y, S) on the class in H 2 (M, Y ; Z/2Z) corresponding to the respective 2-handle. The following figure shows this notation in the main example from the preceding section. The matter is now to consider how a Spin structure lifts via a finite covering in the Kirby calculus setting. As in the previous section, the procedure shall be carried out in two parts. Firstly, one performs a branched covering over a 4-manifold-with-boundary obtained by judiciously removing 2-handles and then one equivariantly glues 2-handles in the branched covering to cap the branching locus. In the first part, one needs to take care of how a Spin structure behaves near the free 2-handles; in the second part, one needs to take care of how it behaves near the non-free 2-handles.
Consider a 3-manifold X, the boundary of a 4-manifold-with-boundary N having only a 0-handle and a set of 2-handles {h i | i ∈ I}. Let S be a Spin structure on X. Denote by {K i ⊂ S 3 } the set of attaching knots of the 2-handles and by {D i } the cocores. Given a subset of 2-handles {h i | i ∈ I ′ }, denote by N ′ the 4-manifold-with-boundary given by removing this set of 2-handles from N ; denote by X ′ its boundary. Now, assume that there exist the p-fold branched covering Π ′ : M ′ → N ′ branched at a Seifert surface S ′ for the link L := i∈I ′ K i with its interior pushed into the interior of D 4 . Let Y ′ := ∂M ′ and π ′ : Y ′ → X ′ be the restriction of Π ′ . For each 2-handle h i of N ′ , the lift (Π ′ ) −1 (h i ) consists of p 2-handles of M ′ freely permuted by the deck transformations.
Proposition 9.11: For each handle h in (Π ′ ) −1 (h i ) with cocore D, Proof: Recall that w 2 (X ′ , S)([D i , ∂D i ]) is characterized by whether the Spin structure S extends to the whole interior of the 2-handle h i . That extension existing, the lifted Spin structure (π ′ ) * S shall also extend over each of the preimage 2-handles h of h i . Conversely, should the extension not exist downstairs, it cannot extend upstairs over any h either. QED Example 9.12: The next figure exemplifies Proposition 9.11 in the already familiar setting of the branched double cover over the left-handed trefoil K from the preceding section (cf. Figure 8.31).
−1,1 Figure 9.13 Now, one needs to understand what happens to the non-free 2-handles. Proceeding as in Remark 8.28, one equivariantly attaches a 2-handleh i along (Π ′ ) −1 (K i ) for each i ∈ I ′ in order to cap the branching locus thereby defining the manifolds M := M ′ ∪ i∈I ′hi and N := M/G. Let m i denote the framing coefficient of the equivariant handleh i . As before, one hopes to be able to choose m i so that the original manifold Y be ∂N . Assume that this be the case. The question then becomes: given the value of w 2 (X, S)([D i , ∂D i ]) for an i ∈ I ′ , what is the value of w 2 (Y, π * S)([D i , ∂D i ]) whereD i denotes the cocore ofh i ? Proposition 9.14: is 1 if the covering multiplicity p be even and 0 otherwise.
Proof: Firstly, consider the 2-handle D 2 × D 2 having the Spin structure S 0 defined along D 2 × S 1 which does not extend across D 2 × D 2 . Consider the p-fold branched cover D 2 × D 2 → D 2 × D 2 given by rotating the second D 2 factor and keeping the first one fixed. One can trivialize the bundle T(D 2 × D 2 )| D 2 ×S 1 by splitting it as R 3 ⊕ TS 1 . It is clear now that this trivialization is pulled back to itself along the restriction of the covering to D 2 × S 1 . This means that the Spin structure S 0 is pulled back to itself and the lift also does not extend across D 2 × D 2 . Secondly, consider instead the Spin structure S which extend across D 2 × D 2 . Then, to understand the lifting behaviour, make use of the other Spin structure already considered, that is S 0 , which does not extend across the covering. The obstruction class to a homotopy between S and S 0 can be seen as a non-trivial class in the cohomology H 1 (S 1 ; π 1 (SO(4))) ∼ = π 1 (SO(4)). One now easily sees that, under the p-fold covering, this class in π 1 (SO(4)) gets traversed p times. Since π 1 (SO(4)) is the cyclic group in two elements, the result follows. Proposition 9.17: Let X be the (−8)-surgery on the left-handed trefoil. Let S be the Spin structure on X as defined by the Kirby diagram in Figure 9.8. Let Y be the lens space L(12, 7). Denote by π : Y → X the double covering. Let M be the standard linearly plumbed 4-manifold-with-boundary whose boundary is L (12, 7). Then, the Spin structure π * S on Y is the one for which w 2 (M, π * S) = 0.
Proof: Using the techniques developed above, this becomes a Kirby calculus affair. Starting from what is seen on the right hand side of Figure 9.16, one computes, as shown in the following sequence of diagrams, (i) by blowing down of one of the +1-framed unknots, (ii) blowing up twice by +1-framed unknots and (iii) blowing down the −1-framed unknot. Now, if one pay careful attention at the signs of the crossings on the last diagram, one sees that one can perform a handle slide of any one of the 2-framed handles over the (−2)-framed handle in order to obtain a linear chain of unknots. Thence, it is a straightforward matter to perform blow-ups and blow-downs to reach the standard plumbing diagram of the lens space L (12, 7). The procedure is outlined in the following diagrams. QED Proposition 9.18: A Spin C structure on a 3-manifold Y consists of precisely the same data as a complex trivialization of TY ⊕ R over the 2-skeleton of Y which extend across its 3-skeleton.
Proof: Follows from obstruction theory. Cf. Gompf & Stipsicz (1999), Remark 5.6.9(a), for the case of Spin structures. Also vid. Gompf (1998). QED Remark 9.19: From this characterization of Spin C structures on Y , it is easy to see that a Spin structure S defines a Spin C structure by taking the trivialization of TY | Y2 defined by S and picking the trivial complex structure on TY | Y2 ⊕ R. One can then check that this trivialization extends to TY | Y3 .
Definition 9.20: Given a Spin structure S, denote its induced Spin C structure by S C .
Proposition 9.21: (Gompf 1998, Theorem 4.12) Let (Y, λ) be a contact 3-manifold given as Legendrian surgery on a Legendrian link L := i∈I K i in S 3 . Let M be the 4-manifold-with-boundary defined by the same Kirby diagram. Suppose S be a Spin structure on Y and use L ′ = i∈I ′ K i ⊂ L to denote the sublink of L consisting of those components K i for which w 2 (Y, S)([D i , ∂D i ]) = 0, where D i denotes the cocore of the handle attached along K i . Recall that the author uses s λ to denote the Spin C structure defined by the contact form λ. Then, the difference class s λ − S C ∈ H 2 (Y ; Z) of Spin C structures is determined by the restriction to Y of a class ρ ∈ H 2 (M ; Z) defined by its evaluations on the classes [F i ] ∈ H 2 (M ; Z), according to the formula Example 9.22: In the case of the Spin 3-manifold X defined by Figure 9.8 and studied in Proposition 9.17, consider the Spin C structure s λ defined by the contact structure Ker λ produced by Legendrian surgery on the Legendrian left-trefoil depicted in Figure 8.14, that is, having Thurston-Bennequin invariant −7 and rotation number zero. Computing using Proposition 9.21, one readily finds that s − S C = 0.
Remark 9.23: Using Proposition 9.21 and the Kirby calculus techniques developed above, one can compute the lift of a Spin C -structure s via a finite covering by computing the lift of a Spin structure S and then computing the lift of the second cohomology class s − S C .
Theorem 9.24: Consider the manifold X given by (−8)-surgery on the left-handed trefoil with tight contact structure Ker λ given by Legendrian surgery according to Figure 8.14. The lift of Ker λ via the double cover π : Y → X is the tight contact structureλ on Y ∼ = L(12, 7) given by Legendrian surgery on the middle diagram of Figure 8.38.
Proof: By Remark 8.40, d 3 (π * λ) = d 3 (λ). Meanwhile, Proposition 9.17 and Example 9.22 combine to assert that the Spin C structures also match; that is, π * s λ ∼ = sλ. Since the d 3 invariant and the Spin C structure completely characterize the homotopy class of a hyperplane field, π * λ andλ are homotopic. Now, according to Corollary 7.42, this is a sufficient condition for π * λ andλ to be isotopic. QED Remark 9.25: To the best of the author's knowledge, there is no other way to obtain this result short of working in coordinates, which would probably prove itself to be untenable.

Appendix
This appendix shall deal with the proof of Theorem 2.25, where it was claimed that there are no nontrivial Seiberg-Witten trajectories with positive infinity limit the contact configuration. A very similar assertion is made by Taubes (2009), Proposition 5.15. The key difference is that Taubes deals with the case of a nontorsion det s λ , which is not the case here. The fact that det s λ is non-torsion in Taubes (2009), Proposition 5.15, also causes its conclusion to be somewhat weaker than what is proved here. Another minor difference is that, in the present article, the author must not assume that the negative infinity limit of the trajectory be non-degenerate. These differences require only significant modifications to the final part of the proof; therefore, the proof presented here shall be very similar to what one can find in Taubes (2009) and other works of Taubes that have drawn significantly from it. However, Taubes' proof is difficult to follow for someone who has not read Taubes (2007) and Taubes (2009) in their entirety; therefore, the author felt that it was necessary to include some of the details here for the reader's convenience. The reader can also find a complete account with self-contained proofs for all lemmata in Roso (2023), §12.
The overall strategy shall consist of the following. On the one hand, it shall be shown that only the contact configuration and its gauge equivalent configurations have the property that the spinor component be bounded away from zero in a certain way. On the other, it shall be shown that the trajectory necessarily satisfies the same sort of bound on its spinor component for all time. As a consequence, both endpoints shall have to be gauge equivalent.
Henceforth, the author shall deal with Seiberg-Witten trajectories. Suppose γ : R → C to be a finite type trajectory satisfying d dt γ(t) = − X λ,r γ(t) .
Assume that both limits lim t→±∞ γ(t) be well defined in the L 2 5 topology. Note that, by Sobolev embedding, the limits are also well defined in C 2 . The author shall not yet be assuming that the positive time limit be the contact configuration C λ ; that assumption shall be added later. Write γ(t) = (A(t), ψ(t)) ∈ C(Y, s λ ) for its connexion and spinor components respectively. Write A(t) := A λ (t) + a(t) where a(t) is a purely imaginary 1-form on Y . Decompose the spinor as ψ(t) = (α(t), β(t)) according to the direct sum S λ = Λ 0,0 ξ * ⊕ Λ 0,1 ξ * .
Lemma 10.1: The spinor ψ satisfies the second order equation where s : Y → R denotes the scalar curvature of Y .
Proof: The Dirac equation ∂ ∂t ψ = −D A ψ implies the second order equation Now, apply the the well known Weitzenböck formula (cf. Nicolaescu 2000, (1.3.11)), The result then follows by applying the curvature component of the Seiberg-Witten trajectory equations. QED Remark 10.2: A distinction worth mentioning between what is done here and what is done in Taubes (2009) is that some (but not all) of the results in Taubes (2009) concern a different version of the Seiberg-Witten trajectory equations. To be precise, this different version says for a fixed function T : R → [0, ∞) satisfying T (t) = 0 for all t ≤ 1 and T (t) = t for all t ≥ 2. The equations at use in the present article are equivalent to setting T = 0 everywhere. The use of such a T is certainly important in Taubes (2009) and brings about some complications which do not occur in the present context. Some of the results proved in Taubes (2009) for this version of the Seiberg-Witten equations are easily adapted to the present context as is remarked in the proof of Taubes (2009), Proposition 5.15. In particular, for the next two lemmata, the author shall refer the reader to Taubes (2009).

Remark 10.3:
In what follows, a sequence of bounds on various quantities shall be claimed. These shall involve constants K n labelled by n the number of the lemma in which they appear. These quantities may depend on the metric of Y , and the contact form λ, but they shall not depend on the particular solution (A, ψ) to the Seiberg-Witten equations nor shall they shall not depend on the value of the parameter r > 0.
Proof: Analogous to the second statement of Taubes (2009) The goal shall be bound |α| 2 away from zero in the same manner as is the case for C λ but for the entirety of the trajectory.
Definition 10.8: Given δ > 0, denote σ ′ δ : R × Y → [0, 1] the function (t, y) → σ ′ δ −1 1 − |α| 2 . Now, introduce ∇ A to denote the Spin C covariant derivative on S λ induced by the connexion A on det s λ . This is to say that Clifford multiplication is covariantly constant for ∇ A . It shall also be necessary to work with covariant derivatives defined on each of the summands S λ ∼ = Λ 0,0 ξ * ⊕ Λ 0,1 ξ * . Both these derivatives shall be denoted by the same symbol as ∇ ′ A : Γ(Λ 0,k ξ * ) → Γ(Λ 0,k ξ * ⊗ T * Y ) and shall be defined by projecting ∇ A to the respective summand of S λ . This can be conveniently expressed in terms of Clifford multiplication by the formula It shall prove advantageous to work with objects over R × Y rather than time dependent objects over Y . For that end, introduced and * to denote, respectively, the exterior derivative and the Hodge operator over R × Y . The Spin C structure s λ over Y also defines a Spin C structure over R × Y , which shall be denoted s λ . The time dependent connexion A over det s λ also defines a connexion on the bundle detŝ λ ; denote this connexion byÂ and note that it is characterized by requiring its induced covariant derivative to be Hence, one sees that its curvature is given by The covariant derivative ∇ ′ A induces a covariant derivative on the trivial complex line bundle over R×Y defined by This covariant derivative can then be extended to a covariant exterior derivative on complex differential forms, which shall be denoteddÂ : Definition 10.9: Given δ > 0, define a 2-form ℘ δ ∈ Ω 2 (R × Y ) by the formula ℘ δ := 1 δ σ ′ δ ·dÂα ∧dÂα + σ δ · FÂ.
Remark 10.10: Notice that the form ℘ δ is closed.
Proof: Notice that there is some K > 0, which may well depend on r, A or ψ here, such that, for sufficiently negative s < 0, |ω ∧ ℘ δ | restricted to (−∞, s) is no greater than Ke s . This is a consequence of the fact that the limit lim t→−∞ γ(t) is well defined in the Sobolev norm L 2 5 and, therefore, also in C 2 by Sobolev embedding. Together with Lemma 10.11, this implies integrability. QED Lemma 10.13: Provided r > r 2.24 and δ ∈ (0, δ 2.24 ), it follows R×Y ω ∧ ℘ δ = 0.
Proof: Note that ω is exact and ℘ δ is closed and integrate by parts. QED
Proof: C is a solution to the Seiberg-Witten equations on Y . Its Λ 0,0 ξ * component is lim t→−∞ α. Therefore, it also satisfies the bound in Theorem 10.22. Theorem 2.24 then guarantees that C must be gauge equivalent to C λ . QED Corollary 10.24: γ is the constant trajectory at C λ .
Proof: Assume the contrary. Because the Seiberg-Witten vector field X λ,r is minus the gradient of the functional CSD λ,r , the value of CSD λ,r never increases along the trajectory γ. Moreover, the contact configuration C λ is a non-degenerate fixed point of the downward gradient flow of CSD λ,r by Theorem 2.23, which means that the value of CSD λ,r certainly decreases along γ for sufficiently large time as one approaches C λ . But since both endpoints of γ are gauge equivalent and b 1 = 0, the values of CSD λ,r are the same for gauge equivalent configurations. This cannot be. QED Remark 10.25: Hereby, the author concludes the proof of Theorem 2.25.