On the Nielsen root theory of n-valued maps

Let ϕ:X⊸Y\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\phi :X \multimap Y$$\end{document} be an n-valued map of connected finite polyhedra and let a∈Y\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$a \in Y$$\end{document}. Then, x∈X\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$x \in X$$\end{document} is a root of ϕ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\phi $$\end{document} at a if a∈ϕ(x)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$a \in \phi (x)$$\end{document}. The Nielsen root number N(ϕ:a)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$N(\phi : a)$$\end{document} is a lower bound for the number of roots at a of any n-valued map homotopic to ϕ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\phi $$\end{document}. We prove that if X and Y are compact, connected triangulated manifolds without boundary, of the same dimension, then given ϵ>0\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\epsilon > 0$$\end{document}, there is an n-valued map ψ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\psi $$\end{document} homotopic to ϕ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\phi $$\end{document} within Hausdorff distance ϵ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\epsilon $$\end{document} of ϕ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\phi $$\end{document} such that ψ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\psi $$\end{document} has finitely many roots at a. We conjecture that if X and Y are q-manifolds without boundary, q≠2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$q \ne 2$$\end{document}, then there is an n-valued map homotopic to ϕ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\phi $$\end{document} that has N(ϕ:a)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$N(\phi : a)$$\end{document} roots at a. We verify the conjecture when X=Y\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$X = Y$$\end{document} is a Lie group by employing a fixed point result of Schirmer. As an application, we calculate the Nielsen root numbers of linear n-valued maps of tori.


Introduction
Let f : X → Y be a map of connected finite polyhedra and a ∈ Y , then a root of f at a is a point x ∈ X such that f (x) = a. An n-valued map is a lower semi-continuous, hence also upper semi-continuous [5], function φ : X Y such that φ(x) is n points of Y for each x ∈ X. A root of φ at a ∈ Y is a point x ∈ X such that a ∈ φ(x).
Nielsen root theory for single-valued maps was first formalized in [2], but important results concerning roots had been established much earlier by Hopf in [9]. The Nielsen root theory of n-valued maps was introduced in [6] as a tool for studying the Nielsen coincidence theory of such maps. In the present paper, the focus is on the Nielsen root theory of n-valued maps for its own sake.
Section 2 presents Nielsen root theory for n-valued maps in the context of Nielsen coincidence theory and explains the relationship between the two theories. In Sect. 3, we prove a root theory analogue of a finiteness theorem for fixed points due to Schirmer in [11]. Section 4 presents a conjecture about the Nielsen root theory of n-valued maps and we partly verify the conjecture

Coincidences and roots
Let φ, ψ : X Y be n-valued and m-valued maps, respectively, which we will call an (n, m)-valued pair of maps. A point x ∈ X is a coincidence of φ and ψ if φ(x) ∩ ψ(x) = ∅. If, for a ∈ Y , the map ψ(x) is the constant map at a, then x a coincidence of φ and ψ means that a ∈ φ(x) and thus x is a root of φ at a. An important property of n-valued maps is that they split if the domain X is simply connected, that is, there is the splitting as We use this property to define an equivalence relation on the set of coincidences of an (n, m)-valued pair φ, ψ : X Y as follows. Coincidences  (1) and the paths f j , g k : I → Y are homotopic relative to the endpoints. The equivalence classes are called the coincidence classes of the (n, m)-valued pair φ, ψ and they are finite in number because X is compact. If ψ is the constant map at a ∈ Y , roots x 0 and x 1 are equivalent according to this definition if there is a path c : I → X such that c(0) = x 0 , c(1) = x 1 and for the splitting φc = {f 1 , . . . , f n } there is a contractible loop f j at a for some j ∈ {1, . . . , n}. The equivalence classes are called the root classes of φ at a.
Let Φ : X × I Y be an n-valued map, called an n-valued homotopy, and let Ψ : X × I Y be an m-valued homotopy. The restrictions of Φ and Ψ to X × {t} for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 are denoted by φ t and ψ t , respectively. By Lemma 2.1 of [6], a coincidence class of the (n, m)-valued pair (φ t , ψ t ) is contained in a unique coincidence class of the (n, m)-valued pair (Φ, Ψ).
A coincidence class C 0 of an (n, m)-valued pair φ, ψ : X Y is inessential if there exists an (n, m)-valued pair of homotopies Φ, Ψ : X × I Y such that φ 0 = φ, ψ 0 = ψ and the coincidence class C of the (n, m)-valued pair (Φ, Ψ) containing C 0 has the property C ∩ (X × {1}) = ∅. Otherwise, the coincidence class C 0 is essential. The Nielsen coincidence number N (φ : ψ) of the (n, m)-valued pair φ, ψ : X Y is the number of essential coincidence classes. If ψ is the constant map at a ∈ Y , then the Nielsen number is denoted by N (φ : a) and called the Nielsen root number of φ at a.
The Nielsen coincidence number for (n, m)-valued pairs of maps is homotopy invariant by Theorem 2.1 of [6]. That is, let Φ, Ψ : X × I Y be an (n, m)-valued pair of homotopies, then N (φ 0 : ψ 0 ) = N (φ 1 : ψ 1 ). We will make use of the following consequence in which Ψ(x, t) = a for all (x, t) ∈ X × I: Although the concepts of Nielsen root theory have been defined in terms of concepts in Nielsen coincidence theory, root theory is not the special case of the coincidence theory of an (m, n)-valued pair φ, ψ : X Y in which ψ(x) = a for all x ∈ X. The difference lies in the type of homotopies that are valid for the two theories. In coincidence theory, they are (n, m)-valued pairs of maps Φ, Ψ : X × I Y , whereas in root theory, a homotopy is a single map Φ : X × I Y because the target a ∈ Y is constant throughout the homotopy; in other words, it requires that Ψ(x, t) = a for all (x, t) ∈ X × I.

Root-finite approximation
In [11] Schirmer proved the following result: An n-valued map φ : X Y is defined in [11] to be simplicial if, for each closed simplexσ of X, the restriction of φ toσ splits into maps f 1 , f 2 , . . . , f n such that each f j mapsσ affinely onto a closed simplex of Y . Schirmer's proof of her fix-finite result depended on the following simplicial approximation theorem for n-valued maps, which is Theorem 4 of [11]. Let d Y be the metric of Y . For x ∈ X, let φ(x) = {y 1 , y 2 , . . . , y n } and define γ(x) = min{d Y (y i , y j )|i = j}. As in [11], the gap of φ, denoted γ(φ), is defined by γ(φ) = inf{γ(x)|x ∈ X}. Then γ(φ) > 0; see Proposition 4.1 of [5]. On page 79 of [11], Schirmer proved that if the mesh of X is less than 1 4 γ(φ), then the image of a simplicial n-valued map φ on a simplexσ of X is the union of n disjoint simplices of Y . Therefore, a can be in the image of at most one of the maps f j of the splitting of the restriction of φ toσ.
Y be an nvalued map where X and Y are compact, connected triangulated q-manifolds without boundary, and let a ∈ Y . Given > 0, there exists an n-valued map ψ : X Y , homotopic to φ, such that d(φ, ψ) < and ψ has finitely many roots at a.
Proof. Define a point a ∈ Y in the closureσ of an open q-simplex σ to be fully interior if a ∈ σ and a is in an open q-simplex of every barycentric subdivision of σ. The fully interior points of an open simplex σ are dense in σ by the Baire Category Theorem. First suppose that a ∈ σ ⊂ Y is fully interior. We may assume that the given is less than 1 4 γ(φ). Taking the 51 Page 4 of 10 R. F. Brown JFPTA necessary number of barycentric subdivisions of X and Y for Theorem 3.2, let ψ be a simplicial approximation to φ with d(φ, ψ) < . Then, ψ has no roots at a on the (q − 1)-skeleton of the barycentric subdivision of X since a simplicial map takes a simplex to one that is of the same or lower dimension.
The map ψ has no more than one root on each q-simplex of X because the corresponding map f j is affine on the closure of the simplex and thus, two roots would determine a linear set of roots that intersects its boundary. If a ∈σ is not a fully interior point of σ, we may construct a homeomorphism h : Y → Y such that d Y (y, h(y)) < 2 for all y ∈ Y and b = h(a) is fully interior, as follows. Since the fully interior points are dense in σ, there is a fully interior point b ∈ σ such that d Y (a, b) < 4 . Thus an 2 Euclidean neighborhood U of a contains b. Let h : Y → Y be a homeomorphism that is the identity on Y \ U and is a Euclidean translation on U such that h(a) = b. Now, let ζ : X Y be a simplicial approximation to the n-valued map hφ : X Y such that d(ζ, hφ) < 2 . By the first part of the proof, there are a finite number of points . Therefore, ψ has finitely many roots at a and d(φ, ψ) < .

A root-minimization conjecture
In 1930, Heinz Hopf proved [9] that if f : X → Y is a map where X and Y are compact q-manifolds with or without boundary, and q = 2, then there is a map g homotopic to f with N (f : a) roots and thus, the minimum is achieved within the homotopy class, that is, N (f : a) is a sharp lower bound. We will refer to this result as "Hopf's root-minimization theorem". Maps of surfaces do not possess the root-minimization property, see [10]. A detailed proof of Hopf's theorem in the case of manifolds without boundary is presented by Brooks in [1].
In [14], Wecken proved that if X is a compact q-manifold without boundary, q = 2, and f : X → X is a map, then there is a map g homotopic to f such that g has N (f ) fixed points, where N (f ) denotes the Nielsen fixed point number of f .
In [12], Schirmer defined fixed points x 0 , x 1 of an n-valued map φ : X X to be equivalent if there is a path c : I → X such that for the splitting φc = {f 1 , . . . , f n } : I X there is some f j such that f j (0) = x 0 , f j (1) = x 1 and c and f j are homotopic relative to the endpoints. The equivalence classes are the fixed point classes of φ. Let X be a compact manifold without boundary. Approximating φ by an n-valued map with finitely many fixed points by Theorem 3.1, each fixed point is an isolated fixed point of a singlevalued map from a splitting and therefore, its fixed point index is defined, see [3]. As in single-valued Nielsen fixed point theory, the index of a fixed point class is the sum of the indices of its points. A fixed point class is inessential if its index is zero and essential otherwise and the Nielsen fixed point number N (φ) of φ is the number of essential fixed point classes. Schirmer proved that this Nielsen number is independent of the fix-finite approximation. She then proved in [13] that Wecken's theorem can be extended to fixed points of n-valued maps, as follows.

Theorem 4.1. (Schirmer's Fixed Point Minimization Theorem)
Given an nvalued map φ : X X of a compact connected triangulated q-manifold without boundary, q ≥ 3, there is an n-valued map ψ homotopic to φ such that ψ has N (φ) fixed points.
The following conjecture extends Hopf's result in the same way that Schirmer's minimization theorem extends Wecken's.

Conjecture 4.2.
Given an n-valued map φ : X Y , where X and Y are compact connected triangulated q-manifolds without boundary, q = 2, and given a ∈ Y , there is an n-valued map ψ homotopic to φ such that ψ has N (φ : a) roots at a.
There is only one compact connected 1-manifold without boundary: the circle S 1 . Although, for (n, m)-valued pairs of self-maps of the circle S 1 , Corollary 5.1 of [6] proves that the Nielsen coincidence number is a sharp lower bound for the number of coincidences of all maps (n, m)-homotopic to them, that does not imply that Conjecture 4.2 is true for the Nielsen root number of an n-valued self-map of the circle. As we pointed out in Sect. 2, homotopies in the setting of (n, m)-valued coincidence theory are (n, m)-valued pairs of maps, so when ψ is the constant map at a, the pair of homotopies Φ, Ψ : S 1 × I S 1 that minimize the number of coincidences of an (n, m)-pair φ, ψ : S 1 S 1 would not necessarily have the property that Ψ(x, t) = a for all (x, t) ∈ X × I.
However, the conjecture is in fact true for n-valued maps of S 1 , as we will next prove.

Root minimization on Lie groups
Let X be a compact connected Lie group with identity element e and let φ : X X be an n-valued map. For {p 1 , . . . , p n } an unordered set of points of X and x ∈ X, let x{p 1 , . . . , p n } = {xp 1 , . . . , xp n }. We define an n-valued map θ : X X as follows: if φ(x) = {p 1 , . . . , p n }, let θ(x) = x{p 1 , . . . , p n }. The fixed points of θ are the roots of φ at e. It will be convenient to abbreviate the definition of θ by letting 1 be the identity map of X and writing θ = 1φ. We note that, with this notation, φ = 1 −1 θ.
Thus, θc = {g 1 , . . . , g n }, where g j (t) = c(t)f j (t), so g j (0) = x 0 , g j (1) = x 1 and the path g j : I → X is homotopic relative to the endpoints to the path c by means of the homotopy K : I × I → X defined by K(s, t) = c(t)H(s, t).
Conversely, suppose x 0 and x 1 are equivalent as fixed points of θ by means of a path c that is homotopic relative to the endpoints to a path g j defined by g j (t) = c(t)f j (t) in the splitting of θc, by means of a homotopy K : I ×I → X. Proof. By Lemma 5.1, a root class R 0 of φ is a fixed point class of θ. If R 0 is an inessential root class, there is an n-valued homotopy Φ : X × I X with φ 0 = φ such that the root class R of Φ containing R 0 has the property R ∩ (X × {1}) = ∅. Therefore, by the homotopy and additivity properties of the fixed point index [3], the value of the index on R 0 is zero and thus R 0 is an inessential fixed point class of θ. Conversely, if R 0 is an inessential fixed point class of θ, then Theorem 4.1 implies that there is a homotopy Θ : X × I X such that θ 0 = θ and the fixed point class R of Θ containing R 0 has the property R ∩ (X × {1}) = ∅ and therefore, R 0 is an inessential root class. Since the correspondence between the root classes of φ and the fixed point classes of θ, therefore, preserves essentiality, it follows that N (φ : e) = N (θ).

Vol. 23 (2021)
On the Nielsen root theory of n-valued maps Page 7 of 10 51 The following result verifies the root-minimization conjecture for nvalued self-maps of compact Lie groups. Theorem 5.3. Let φ : X X be an n-valued map of a compact connected Lie group of dimension q ≥ 3. There exists an n-valued map ψ : X X homotopic to φ such that ψ has N (φ : e) roots at e.
The choice of the unit element in Theorems 4.3 and 5.3 is convenient, but it is not necessary. Let a ∈ X be any point in the Lie group and let ψ : X X be the map homotopic to φ that has N (φ : e) roots at e. Define an n-valued map ψ a : X X by ψ a (x) = aψ(x) where the multiplication is defined as at the beginning of this section, then ψ a has N (φ : e) roots at a. Let A : I → X be a path such that A(0) = a and A(1) = e, then H(x, t) = A(t)ψ(x) defines a homotopy from ψ a to ψ. Moreover, the path A determines a homotopy from the constant map at a to the constant path at e, so Theorem 2.1 of [6] implies that N (φ : a) = N (φ : e). Thus, ψ a is a map homotopic to φ that has N (φ : a) roots at a.

Linear n-valued maps of tori
Let T q denote the q-torus with identity element e and let p q : R q → T q be its universal covering space. Let A be a q × q integer matrix. Define an n-valued mapφ n,A : I q T q bỹ