Nine new species of scuttle flies, including one new genus (Diptera: Phoridae) from Iran

Namaki-Khameneh and Disney describe nine new species and one new genus Iranphora sharafkhaneensis gen. n., sp. n., Megaselia caveonectergata sp. n., M. distincta sp. n., M. fereagarici sp. n., M. flavucrurus sp. n., M. paluventer sp. n., M. polysetosis sp. n., Phalacrotophora flavidus sp. n., and Phora iranensis sp. n. from Iran. As a result, this study increased the total number of reported phorids genera and species from Iran to 12 and 78, respectively.


Introduction
The Phoridae family also known as scuttle flies with about 4000 described species is considered one of the largest families of Diptera. This family is generally distributed worldwide and can be easily recognized by their reduced wing venation and humpbacked outwards characteristics. The larvae have broad natural histories ranging from true parasites, through parasitoids, specialized predators, herbivorous, fungivorous, to polyphagous saprophages. However, the biology of most species is far from fully understood and needs more investigations (Disney 1983(Disney , 1994. Megaselia scalaris Loew, 1866 and Megaselia halterata (Wood, 1910) have been reported as pests of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus Lange), and M. scalaris has been reported as parasitoid from Iranian honey bee (Apis mellifera meda Skorikow, 1829) colonies (Talebi et al. 2003;Zamani et al. 2005;Abdi-Goodarzi et al. 2013). Previous studies from Iran have reported 11 genera and 69 species of this family (Talebi et al. 2003;Zamani et al. 2005;Disney et al. 2012;Sadeghi et al. 2013;Rabieh et al. 2013;Ebrahimi et al. 2014;Ghavami and Djalilvand 2015;Solgi et al. 2017;Namaki-Khameneh et al. 2018, 2019a. We make further additions below. Most species collected belonged to the genus Megaselia Rondani, 1856. Among them nine new species, including one new genus are described below.

Material and methods
In 2016 and 2018, scuttle flies were collected by Malaise traps and standard entomological hand net from grassland, wetland habitats and gardens of East and West Azerbaijan provinces. The climate in the sampling areas is temperate with cold winters and hot summers. Herbaceous and woody vegetation of the area includes Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Zygophyllaceae, Convolvulaceae and Salicaceae. All specimens were kept in 75% ethanol. After provisional identifications specimens were mounted on slides in Berlese Fluid (Disney 2001). The slides are labeled with the collection number and RHLD's notebook number and page (e.g. 50, . The descriptions of the new species were undertaken by Namaki-Khameneh and Disney. The photographs of whole flies were taken by using a Nikon SMZ 800 N stereomicroscope equipped with a Nikon D5200 digital camera. The figures of details of the slide mounted specimens were taken with the Image Pro-Insight system for the compound microscope. The type material of the new species is deposited in the University of Cambridge Museum of Zoology (UCMZ). Duplicate paratypes are deposited in the Insect Collection of Professor Hasan Maleki Milani, Tabriz, Iran (ICHMM).
Diagnosis (male) Antennae with postpedicels longer than basal breadth, tapered and with an apical arista, the breadth of frons greater than its length, mesopleuron bare, 3 bristles on the notopleuron, only 2 bristles on the scutellum, the anal tube of the hypopygium clearly longer than the length of the epandrium, the anteroventral hairs of hind femur about as long as those of the basal half, all tibia lacking dorsal hair palisades and dorsal or anterodorsal bristles in their basal two thirds, the unforked vein 3 and long costal index of the wings, In the key to world genera (Disney 1994) it runs to couplet 38 lead 1 Adelopteromyia Schmitz, 1923, but its tapered postpedicels much longer longer and its palps much broader (Fig. 8.16b in Disney 1994) immediately distinguishes it from the new genus. The detailed study by Ament (2017) indicates some similarities with Rhychomicruoteron Annandale, but its costal index is clearly less than 0.5, vein 3 is forked, its mid and hind tibia have anterodorsal bristles in their basal halves.
Description (male) Frons more than twice as broad as long and lacking a median furrow. With 4 supra-antennal bristles, pre-ocellars and smaller mediolateral bristles and 6 bristles on vertex. Antennae with postpedicels longer than basal breadth, tapered and with an apical arista. Palps with terminal bristles longer than breadth of palp. Notopleuron with 3 bristles. Mesopleuron bare. Scutellum with only 2 bristles. Abdominal tergites with small hairs largely restricted to hind margins. Venter pale and lacking hairs. Hypopygium pale Figs. 1-7 Iranphora sharafkhaneensis sp. n., male. 1 Whole fly; 2 frons; 3 antenna and palp; 4 notopleuron; 5 scutellum; 6 abdomen; 7 left face of hypopygium with the pale anal tube that is longer than epandrium. All tibiae lack dorsal hair palisades and the mid tibiae lack dorsal/ anterodorsal bristles in basal third. Wings with an unforked vein 3, costal index more than 0.5 and section 1 almost as long as 2. No axillary bristles, no hair at base of vein 3 and costal cilia short (less than 0.06 mm).
Etymology Named after the country Iran. Etymology Named after the locality of the holotype.
Megaselia caveonectergata Namaki-Khameneh & Disney sp. n.  Diagnosis (male) In the key to the males of the British species (Disney 1989) this species runs to couplet 292. However, this couplet and those following have been replaced by a revision of the M. angusta (Wood, 1909) complex (Disney 1999) where it runs to couplet 23 lead 1 to M. nectergata Disney, 1999. Its hypopygium closely resembles the new species (cf. Figs. 34 and 87 in Disney 1999), but with fewer hairs on the Figs. 8-15 Iranphora sharafkhaneensis sp. n., male. 8 Right face of hypopygium; 9 front leg; 10 middle leg; 11 hind femur and tibia; 12 tip of hind tibia and basitarsus; 13 hind tarsus; 14 wings; 15 basal half of wing epandrium and the microtrichia of the left hypandrial lobe are flat against its lower surface unlike in M. nectergata. The hairs below the base of the hind femur of the latter are shorter than those of the anteroventral half.
Description (male) Whole fly as in Fig. 16. Frons as in Fig. 17, with dense but very fine microtrichia. Cheek with 4 bristles and jowl with 2 that are longer and more robust. Postpedicels, with SPS vesicles, palps and proboscis as in Fig. 18. Thorax with 2 notopleural bristles no cleft in front of these, and mesopleuron bare (Fig. 19). Scutellum with an anterior pair of small hairs and a posterior pair of bristles. Abdomen as in Fig. 20, the venter having hairs on segments 3-6 ( Fig. 20). Hypopygium as in Figs. 21, 22, and 23. All legs yellow. Fore tarsus ( Fig. 24) with posterodorsal hair palisade on segments 1-4. Dorsal hair palisade of mid tibia extends about 0.55 times its length. Hairs below basal half of hind femur longer than those of anteroventral row of outer half (Fig. 25). Hind tibia with 18-20 moderately differentiated posterodorsal hairs, without anterodorsals, and spinules of Etymology Named after the need to beware (caveo) of its close resemblance to M. nectergata.
Megaselia distincta Namaki-Khameneh & Disney sp. n.  Diagnosis (male) In the key to the males of British species (Disney 1989) it runs to couplet 139, where the hypopygium clearly differs from both options. Ten species from elsewhere or subsequently added run to the same couplet, but all have clearly different hypopygia. In addition, most are eliminated by having brown halteres and/or a costal index exceeding 0.4 and/or more than 2 axillary bristles and/or bristles as well as hairs on the epandrium. Megaselia hejazii (Namaki-Khameneh et al., 2019) most closely resembles the new species, but its hypopygium is clearly different. In the key to Palaearctic, Abteilung V (Schmitz and Delage 1974) it runs to couplet 5, but neither option applies. Etymology Named after its distinctive hypopygium.
Megaselia fereagarici Namaki-Khameneh & Disney sp. n.  Diagnosis (male) In the key to the males of the British species (Disney 1989) this runs to couplet 244, but is immediately distinguished from both options by its hypopygium. In  Borgmeier's (1966) key to Nearctic species it runs to Group VII couplet 10 lead 1 to the European and Asian species M. bovista (Gimmerthal, 1848). However, this was subsequently recognized as a misidentification of M. agarici (Lintner, 1895) prior to the description of the male of M. abdita Schmitz, 1959 (under its discarded synonym M. griseipennis Santos Abreu, 1921) (Disney 1987;ICZN 2012). Furthermore, Disney (2008) showed that the Nearctic M. agarici and Arabian and Oriental M. sandhui Disney, 1981 had also been confused. Our species closely resembles M. agarici but differs in the different left posterolateral lobe of the epandrium, more strongly differentiated bristles at the tip of the proctiger and the more abundant hairs on the abdominal venter.
Description (male) Whole fly as in Fig. 39. Frons as in Fig. 40, with dense but very fine microtrichia. Antennae, palps and proboscis as in Fig. 41, the postpedicels with a few obscure SPS  (Fig. 42). Thorax brown. With 3 notopleural bristles and no cleft in front of these and mesopleuron bare (Fig. 43). Scutellum with an anterior pair of small hairs and a posterior pair of bristles. Abdominal tergites and venter as in Fig. 44, the latter with only a few hairs on segments 3-6. Hypopygium as in Figs. 45, 46 and 47. Legs brown to yellowish brown, the front tibia and tarsus being pale yellow. Fore tarsus (Fig. 48) with posterodorsal hair palisades on segments 1-4 and 5 a little longer than 4. Dorsal hair palisade of mid tibia extends about 0.63 times its length. Hairs below basal half of hind femur longer than those of anteroventral row of outer half (Fig. 49). Hind tibia with 12-15 moderately differentiated posterodorsal hairs, without anterodorsals, and spinules of apical combs simple. Wings (Fig. 50) (Disney 1999). While it runs to couplet 19, it is immediately distinguished from the rest of this complex by the combination of yellow legs, the costal index being 0.46 and the wing length being less than 1.5 mm. This also excludes members of this complex from the rest of the world.
Description (male) Whole fly as in Fig. 51. Frons as in Fig. 52, with microtrichia restricted to the margins. Cheek with 2 bristles and jowl with 2 that are longer and more robust. Postpedicels, with SPS vesicles (Fig. 54), palps and proboscis as in Fig. 53. Thorax with 2 notopleural bristles and no cleft in front of these and mesopleuron bare (Fig. 55). Scutellum with an anterior pair of small hairs and a posterior pair of long bristles. Abdomen as in Fig. 56, the venter with fine hairs on segments 3-6. Hypopygium as in Figs. 57-59. Legs yellow. Front tarsus as in Fig. 60, with a posterodorsal hair palisade in segments 1-4. Dorsal hair palisade of mid tibia extends about 0.53 times its length. Hairs below basal half of hind femur shorter than those of anteroventral row of outer half (Fig. 61). Hind tibia with at least a dozen very finely differentiated posterodorsal hairs, without anterodorsals, and spinules of apical combs simple. Wings (Fig. 62)  Diagnosis (male) In the key to the males of the British species (Disney 1989) it runs to couplet 219, via couplet 218, to M. berndseni (Schmitz, 1919), but this species has the thorax, abdominal tergites and legs all brown. An additional four species will run to the same couplet, but apart from the colour of the tergites their hypopygia differ. Thus the epandrium of M. fomitopsis Naumov, 1992 has the height of its epandrium greater than its length and M. callunae Garcia-Romera & Barrientos, 2014 has the hypandrial lobes subequal in length.
Description (male) Whole fly as in Fig. 63. Frons as in Fig. 64, with dense but very fine microtrichia over all but a fifth of its area. Cheek with 4 bristles and jowl with 2 that are much longer and more robust. Postpedicels, without SPS vesicles, palps and proboscis as in Fig. 65. Labella of proboscis with numerous short spinules below (Fig. 66). Side of thorax as in Fig. 67, with 2 notopleural bristles and no cleft in front of these and a bare mesopleuron. Scutellum with an anterior pair of small hairs and a posterior pair of bristles. Abdominal tergites and venter as in Fig. 68, and with only a few small hairs on segments 3-6 of the venter (Fig. 68). Hypopygium as in Figs. 69, 70 and 71. Legs yellow apart from the brown tips to the hind femora. Fore tarsus with posterodorsal hair palisade on segments 1-4 and 5 longer than 4 (Fig. 72). Dorsal hair palisade of mid tibia extends about 0.77 times its length. Hairs below basal half of hind femur longer than those of anteroventral row of outer half (Fig. 73). Hind tibia with 10 differentiated posterodorsal hairs, without anterodorsals, and spinules of apical combs simple. Wings (Fig. 74) Schmitz and Delage (1974) to the Palaearctic, Abteilung V it runs to couplet 6 lead 1 to the Nearctic M. divergens (Malloch, 1912) instead of the Palaearctic M. fenestralis (Schmitz, 1919), which was subsequently rescued from synonymy with Malloch's species (Disney 1987). However, both species only have small hairs on the epandrium. Our species fails to fit any other species in the rest of the world fauna.
Description (male) Whole fly as in Fig. 75. Frons as in Fig. 76, with dense but very fine microtrichia. Cheek with 2 bristles and jowl with 2 that are longer and more robust. Antennae, whose postpedicelscis lack SPS vesicles, palps and proboscis as in Fig. 77. Thorax brown, with 3 notopleural bristles and no cleft in front of these and mesopleuron, which has only 3-6 hairs, as in Fig. 78. Scutellum with an anterior pair of small hairs and a posterior pair of bristles. Abdomen as in Fig. 79, the venter with a few small hairs on segments 4-6. Hypopygium as in Figs. 80, 81 and 82. Legs light brown to yellowish brown. Fore tarsus (Fig. 83)  palisade on segments 1-4 and 5 longer than 4. Dorsal hair palisade of mid tibia extends about 0.54 times its length. Hairs below basal half of hind femur not longer than those of anteroventral row of outer half (Fig. 84). Hind tibia with about a dozen moderately differentiated posterodorsal hairs, without anterodorsals, and spinules of apical combs simple. Wings (Fig. 85) 1.08-1.11 mm long. Costal index 0.33-0.36. Costal ratios 3.9-4.8: 0.6-0.9: 1. Costal cilia (of section 3) 0.07 mm long. No hair on vein 3. With 2 axillary bristles, the outermost being 0.10 mm long. Sc not reaching R1. Haltere brown. Etymology Named after the many bristles on the epandrium (Greek many polys, plus Latin bristly setosis).
Phalacrotophora flavidus Namaki-Khameneh  Diagnosis (male) About fifty species are known in this cosmopolitan genus. European species are covered by Disney and Beuk (1997) supplemented by Durska et al. (2003), Lengyel (2009), Disney andSmith (2016). Many species can be excluded as they have a brown thorax. Three species have a brown hind basitarsus. These therefore resemble our species. However, the male P. fasciata (Fallén, 1823) has a wing about 2 mm long and the hypopygium is different. Another has a costal index of 0.46 and 4 nearly equal scutellar bristles. Finally the male of the Neotropical P. nedae (Malloch, 1912) has a wing length of about 1.8 mm, a costal index of 0.40-0.41 and a different hypopygium, with its yellow anal tube and very different right hypandrial lobe. Of the rest some have a pale hind basitarsus, apart from different hypopygia.
Description (male) Whole fly as in Fig. 86. Head as in Fig. 87, with breadth of frons being about 1.14 times the midline length. Antenna as in Fig. 88. The bristles of palps being 0.04 mm long. Side view of thorax as in Fig. 89, with the anterior scutellars measuring 0.06 mm in length and the  Disney (1983) supplemented by Schmitz (1953Schmitz ( , 1955, Disney (1989Disney ( , 1993 and Mostovski (2002a). The Asian species are covered by Schmitz (loc. cit.) supplemented by Gotô's (1986) key to Japanese species, additions by Zaitzev (1989), by Michailovskaya (1999Michailovskaya ( , 2004a, who provides keys to the species of the Russian far east, Mostovski (2002a, b), Mostovski and Disney (2001). Gotoh (2006) added further Oriental and Eastern Palaearctic species, many of which are included in the key to Chinese species by Liu and Wang (2010). Most of the species can be eliminated by one or more of the following features; the frons not being narrowed dorsally, the right surstylus of the hypopygium not being bilobed, the left side of the epandrium not being deeply cleft and the antero-dorsal bristles of the basal halves of the tibia being none on the front tibia and only one on the mid and hind tibiae. Of the few remaining species for consideration their hypopygia all clearly differ.
Description (male) Whole fly as in Fig. 95. Frons as in Fig. 96. Antennae dark brown to black, the arista being devoid of microsetae. Palps and proboscis as in Fig. 97. Notopleuron as in Fig. 98, with 3 longer bristles and one that is shorter. Scutellum with an anterior pair of hairs (about as long as those on scutum) and a posterior pair of bristles. Mesopleuron bare. Abdomen as in Fig. 99. Hypopygium as in Figs. 100 and 101. Front leg as in Fig. 102. Mid femur and tibia as in Fig. 103. Hind leg as in Fig. 104, with the base of the hind femur as in Fig. 105. Wing (Fig. 106) 1.94 mm long. Costal index 0.45. Costal section 1 about 1.64 times as long as section 2. With 4 axillary bristles (0.14 mm in length), Hair at base of vein 3 0.11 mm long. Costal cilia 0.07 mm long. Haltere brown (Fig. 106).
Etymology Named after the country of the holotype.
A key to the species described in this paper.
It is necessary to refer to the figures, and those of the hypopygia in particular, to confirm the identifications. Male with proctiger ending in finely-feathered bristles that are clearly more robust than setae on cerci, hind tibia with a clearly differentiated longitudinal row of s t o u t , s pi n e-l i k e , a n t e r o-d o r s a l h ai r ( g en u s

Comments
It is evident that the scuttle fly fauna of Iran is still poorly known. Furthermore for most of the new species described above and in our cited papers only males are known.