Process model for the successful implementation and demonstration of SME-based industry 4.0 showcases in global production networks

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), many of which operate as suppliers in global production networks (GPN), often times lack behind large enterprises in terms of Industry 4.0 implementation. For this reason, scientific contributions recommend SMEs to approach Industry 4.0 through pilot projects in which individual Industry 4.0 use cases are developed and implemented. Hence, to allow for a targeted development and implementation of Industry 4.0 use cases for SMEs in GPN, this paper proposes a five-step process model that seeks to make use of Industry 4.0 potentials in terms of increased product qualities and logistics performances within such networks. In contrast to existing process models, this paper follows a holistic approach that initially focuses on the identification of potential problems that impede increased product qualities and logistics performances. Building upon these problems, potential Industry 4.0 solutions are derived and transferred into use cases using a structured idea generation and selection process. After the successful implementation of the use case, the procedure is completed by the conversion of the use case into a showcase that might serve as a lighthouse project illustrating the potentials of Industry 4.0 for other production network partners. For testing its practicability, the procedure is exemplarily applied to the GPN of an automotive supplier.


Introduction
In today's world, which is characterized by high dynamics and variances and an increasing individualization of products [1,2], the economic advantages of implementing Industry 4.0 (I4.0) are almost undisputed. Believing the Germany Market Report and Outlook on Industry 4.0, the introduction of I4.0 promises a cumulative gross value added potential of up to 100 billion euros for Germany by 2025 [3]. This value added potential is thereby generally based on savings of up to 50% in various areas of production [4]. However, all companies within a globally operating production network are required to implement appropriate I4.0 technologies so that increases in customer satisfaction expected from I4.0 implementation take effect for the entire GPN [5]. As 99.6% of all companies in GPN are SMEs [6], these play a particular crucial role in increasing the number of users of I4.0 technologies and hence in realizing I4.0 potentials for all network partners [7]. However, SMEs are the players where I4.0 is not yet sufficiently implemented [7].
Hence, new ways must be found that encourage SMEs to take the first step towards I4.0 in order not to lose connection with I4.0 role models. Therefore, scientific contributions recommend SMEs to approach I4.0 through pilot projects to gain experience [8,9]. The resulting I4.0 use cases can subsequently serve as showcases being published on platforms such as the "Platform Industrie 4.0" to inspire other SMEs on their way towards I4.0 and to hence ensure an entirely increased prevalence of I4.0 within GPN. Consequently, the primary goal of this paper is to present a process model that supports SMEs in implementing I4.0 technologies to sustainably improve their product qualities and logistics performances, hence allowing for increased supplier qualities within the whole GPN and thus addressing a topic that has only found little attention so far. Relevant aspects of the generic process model thereby include the systematic analysis of the as-is-situation (e.g. by maturity assessments), the derivation of an I4.0 use case, the implementation of the use case and its transformation and commercialization as a showcase.
For reaching this goal, the remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Sect. 2 outlines relevant fundamentals and summarizes the existing state of the art for I4.0 process models and maturity indices. This way, major deficits of existing models and the unique selling points of the presented solution can be derived. Section 3 presents the developed model, while Sect. 4 exemplarily applies it to a use case from the automotive supplier industry. Section 5 condenses the gained insights.

Fundamentals and state of the art
As I4.0 is expected to yield promising results in terms of increased product qualities and logistics performances within GPN [10], the overall objective of the developed approach is to foster I4.0 implementation in these dimensions by means of exemplary use cases. GPN, on the one hand, can thereby be understood as a set of (globally) distributed production entities that contribute to value creation [11]. Production units are therefore linked by material, financial and information flows and supported by suppliers [11]. I4.0, on the other hand, is defined as a form of industrial value creation characterized by digitalization, automation and interdependencies among the involved partners affecting processes, products and business models of manufacturing enterprises [4,12].
To embed I4.0 more strongly in GPN and to particularly qualify SMEs for a successful I4.0 implementation, structured procedures are recommended which can be repeated infinitely and adapted flexibly, hence allowing for the achievement of synergy effects and the realization of comparability of individual pilot projects. Process models thereby serve as an adequate means for taking such requirements into account. By definition, process models arrange methods and elements of project management into processes and phases of a standardized project flow [13]. They serve the purpose of transferring as-is-situations into defined target states using a structured approach with a defined number of steps [14]. Besides the logical sequence of steps, process models also provide methods and tools that are used as auxiliaries for realizing the target state [14].
As the overview of existing process models will reveal (Table 2), methods commonly taken into account include maturity indices, workshop concepts or creativity techniques such as brainstorming or the business model canvas. Thereby, maturity indices serve to describe indicatordependent development stages of an object of observation for a certain time period [15] and have been commonly applied for analyzing the degree of I4.0 implementation. By means of a literature review, several relevant I4.0 maturity indices have been identified which differ regarding the considered scope (technologies vs. whole value chains), survey method (intuitive online-self-assessments vs. cooperative assessments supported by consultants) and survey period (minutes vs. weeks).
In order to compare the indices in terms of their suitability for the process model developed in this paper, the criteria proposed by [16,17] have been taken into account. They especially refer to I4.0 maturity assessments for SMEs and have proven to be meaningful. As shown in Table 1, they include: an intuitive methodology [16], low time and cost expenditures [16], adaptability [16], implementation orientation [17], interdisciplinarity [17] and objectivity/transparency [17]. However, as the focus of the developed procedure lies on a GPN perspective and on increased product qualities and logistics performances, these two criteria complement the list.
Comparing the indices in Table 1 regarding their suitability for the developed approach reveals that the Toolbox Industrie 4.0 [18] has the highest degree of fulfillment. Therefore, it will serve as a basis for the process model developed in Sect. 3. However, as the GPN perspective and the focus on increased product qualities and logistics performances have not found consideration in [18] up to now, it has to be adapted according to these requirements [19][20][21].
Apart from the presented maturity indices which serve as a starting point for the development of process models, the literature also contains a number of process models for I4.0 implementation. Among other things, these were analyzed to determine whether they were designed in such a way that they could be reused for this paper and whether they are easy to understand for the user. Furthermore, it was examined to what extent the models suggest a consistent solution that considers a procedure from initialization to demonstration. Based on the challenges described in Sect. 1, the focus should ultimately lie on the network perspective and consider the improvement of product qualities and logistics performances, hence allowing for improvements for the whole GPN. Figure 1 summarizes the requirements.
The existing process models have been identified in a systematic literature review using combinations of "Industrie 4.0", "Industry 4.0", "IoTS" or "Industrial Internet" and "guideline", "metamorphosis", "transformation", "roadmap", or "process model". Table 2 compares the emerged nine I4.0 process models and provides an idea of relevant components and methods.
A detailed examination thereby reveals that the existing process models are comparatively similar regarding their components (phases/milestones/methods/documents): Particularly, all models use well-described and detailed phases to clearly and understandably structure projects, hence allowing for userfriendliness and reusability. The individual phases are thereby comparable and range from preparation and analysis through conception to realization and evaluation. Regarding the realization phase, however, it must be said that even though it is often listed as an individual phase, it is not actively supported by methods/tools. It rather includes either only references to further steps (e.g. [22]) or a mere concept elaboration (e.g. [18]).
A continuous support from the initialization phase up to the final implementation of I 4.0 use cases, especially in SMEs, is thus still pending. Consequently, a new process model explicitly allowing for the implementation of I4.0 in SMEs by means of a holistic procedure is subsequently presented. As existing models do not explicitly address increases in supplier qualities leading to more efficient GPN, the focus thereby especially lies on these aspects.

Process model
To address the deficits identified in Sect. 2 and to incorporate the requirements from Fig. 1, a chronologically structured I4.0 process model has been conceived. It is basically oriented to the process models of [17,22] and extends these approaches for the application in SMEs operating in GPN. Similar to existing approaches, the model comprises five phases (initialization, analysis, conceptualization, realization, demonstration) which are depicted in Fig. 2. As a more detailed explanation in the following sections will show, the initialization phase focuses on the problem definition and project planning, while the User-friendliness

Reusability
Increasing product qualities and logistics performances within production networks , morphology for the generation of implementation strategies; multiple domain matrix D: example procedure in the strategy workshop, instructions for the different phases, catalogue of questions for implementation planning, success factors for five categories (data, production system, internal/ overlapping value creation and services and products) The Way Forward-Transforming Towards Industry 4.0 [28] Ph: digital maturity analysis, identification of opportunities and risks; defining an Industry 4.0 vision; and agenda, prioritization of areas for transformation, Industry 4.0 roadmap Vorgehensmodell zur Einführung von Industrie 4.0 [29] Ph: initiative (goals and problems), I 4.0 assessment (degree of maturity and potentials), method specification; risk-potential analysis, implementation Me: workshop concept; maturity model; method toolbox; risk and potential analysis M: field of action, list of preselected methods, decision basis, incremental launch strategy D: Toolbox of I 4.0 methods/measures Vorgehensmodell zur Entwicklung einer Industrie 4.0 Einführungsstrategie [30] Ph: analysis of actual Industry 4.0 situation, target determination, implementation of measures Me: 3C model; positioning matrix (y-axis: experience with Industry 4.0, x-axis: need to adapt business strategy) D: template for 3C model analysis; template for analysis of the degree of experience with Industry 4.0 approaches and technologies analysis phase records the status quo and reveals potentials for improvement. The conceptualization phase, moreover, aims at developing an I4.0 solution for the identified problem, which is then implemented in the realization phase. Within the demonstration phase, finally, the solution is transformed into a showcase which can serve as an inspiration for other companies on their way towards I4.0. For guaranteeing user-friendliness and comprehensibility, all of these phases are supported by dedicated methods, documents and milestones ( Fig. 2) [23].

Initialization
The process model thereby starts with the initialization phase ( Fig. 2). Apart from a careful preparation that aims at avoiding risks, this phase also includes project planning [24]. This entails the definition of a higher-level project plan and time schedule [23]. Here, all executive and management personnel from areas such as IT, logistics, production and quality have to be involved. Once the project team is fixed, its members are asked to develop an initial knowledge on I4.0 (e.g. by a literature review). This serves as a basis for a precise problem definition during the kickoff meeting where a precise field of action is agreed upon within which the

Analysis
Thereafter, the status quo of the identified field of action has to be thoroughly recorded in order to elaborate core potentials and weaknesses and to develop initial solution approaches. For a structured recording of the status quo, the developed approach proposes two methods that support the project team in observing the field of action: The value stream analysis, on the one hand, examines affected GPN processes [32] to identify potentials for improvement in terms of process control (e.g. superfluous process steps).
Since the classical value stream analysis is usually limited to a door-to-door-modelling for a single plant [33], further symbols (e.g. for manual and automatic processes, scrap, small load carriers as well as for internal and external material flows) were added to conduct a network-based analysis. The Industry 4.0 Maturity Model, on the other hand, supports the assessment of the actual state and helps to unveil potentials that might address weaknesses discovered during the value stream analysis with an I4.0 focus. As mentioned before, the toolbox developed by [18] serves as a basis. To meet the requirements of a cross-company assessment, however, it has been adapted and complemented by the GPN perspective. Therefore, the model differentiates between the "supplier" perspective which separately evaluates all suppliers within a GPN and the "GPN" perspective that analyses the I4.0 maturity levels of the network as a whole. Since the focus of the paper lies on improving supplier quality in terms of their processes without explicitly addressing the improvement of products in terms of usability and customer value, the supplier perspective does not differentiate between the production and the product dimension proposed by [18]. Instead, aspects such as the machine-machine-communication are adopted from [18] and particularly supplemented by aspects such as the avoidance of errors, hence explicitly allowing for a comprehensive overview of the supplier quality in terms of their production processes. The obtained model is shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
After the weaknesses in the field of action have been elaborated by means of the value stream analysis, they have to be analyzed and subdivided into their original root causes. Therefore, the problem analysis (e.g. Ishikawa) offers a structured approach. Based on that, the I4.0 maturity assessment might unveil potentials how certain root causes might be eliminated or reduced by means of a stronger focus on I4.0. The maturity assessment therefore serves for identifying potential initial solution approaches.

Conceptualization
Based on the analysis phase, the conception phase aims at developing a concept for an I4.0 use case which paves the way to solve the selected problem according to its root causes. Therefore, a structured one-day workshop is suggested in which I4.0 ideas are generated, prioritized and conceptualized. The workshop concept is divided into four major agenda points: This way, all workshop participants make a contribution and more ideas might be uncovered [34]. As shown in Fig. 5, the first step of the creativity part comprises an individual working part aiming at the generation and transcription of ideas for solving the selected problem by means of I4.0 according to the respective root causes. After having written the ideas down, all participants present their proposals to the remaining participants. Based on this, ideas are clustered to measures on a metaplan board and then discussed and analyzed by the whole team. Finally, the measures are prioritized using evaluation points which are pinned to the favorite measures on the board. The measure with the highest priority (highlighted in red in Fig. 5) is then conceptually developed into a use case. 4. Conceptual development of the use case: The conceptual elaboration of the use case forms the central part of the workshop. It aims at further developing the measure into a use case concept (e.g. holistic traceability solution to track WIP and parts in progress). For supporting the development of the conceptual design, the project team is provided with a template which can be understood as a concise project profile (see Fig. 6). It contains the most important facts and serves both as a documentation of the conception phase and as an information basis for the realization phase. The template is divided into three levels and ranges from idea and realization to evaluation. On the idea level, the as-is situation and the target state of the use case are recorded. Besides, it is described how the target state shall be achieved. The realization level ensures that the concept can be carried out in a targeted manner. Therefore, necessary prerequisites and requirements must be recorded. Subsequently, both the milestones of the use case and the responsible persons as well as the planned project duration are captured. On the evaluation level, possible opportunities and risks can be noted. Moreover, an initial cost estimation or limit can be recorded.

Realization
Since the majority of SMEs wishing to implement I4.0 solutions on their shopfloors depends on externally purchased technology or know-how [35], the realization phase is designed for the assumption that a new machine, technology or IT system has to be purchased to implement the use case concept. In this context, the model offers assistance in order to be able to carry out the specification and selection process in a structured manner. Accordingly, the procedure

Degree of Automation
Manual machines and testing devices Numerically controlled machines and testing devices Processing and inspection orders are processed automatically at short notice Long-term automatic processing (e.g. change of workpieces, rejection of defective products) Machines and testing devices organize order processing permanently and automatically

Flexibility of Equipment and Production System
Exclusively rigid, inflexible production facilities for the manufacture of a product Equipment that is flexible with regard to the production of several variants of a product Systems which are modular and flexible in the production of various products Equipment is modular and flexible in the production of various products as well as plug-and-produce capable Modular, flexible and plug-and-producecapable production system without fixed structure is subdivided into the four steps "requirements catalogue", "market overview (longlist)", "pre-selection (shortlist)", and "final provider selection" shown in Fig. 7. As Fig. 7 indicates, the creation of a requirements catalogue is the essential first step, which aims at transferring the requirements from the project profile (Fig. 6) into concrete requirements including their importance or prioritization. In addition to general requirements, the catalogue can, especially for technical use cases (such as the introduction of RFID tags within the GPN), also contain technical requirements, infrastructural requirements or system requirements. Based on the catalogue, as many providers as possible are identified who might be considered for the desired solution. Therefore, a rough screening has first of all to be conducted which results in a market overview (longlist). Exhibitor directories of relevant industrial fairs or internet research might thereby serve as adequate means. After the compilation of all potential providers, the longlist might have a considerable scope, which should be reduced to 10-15 providers (shortlist) by means of a pre-selection. For this purpose, the catalogue of requirements can be used to successively compare the information published on the provider websites with the determined requirements. According to their respective degrees of requirements' fulfillment, the providers are then put into a lexicographical ranking and the ones with the highest ranking are included in the shortlist. Aiming at a final provider selection, these providers are then contacted with the requirements catalogue and asked for a statement regarding the requirements. The two to four providers whose feedback appears most promising with regard to the fulfilment of the requirements are then invited to a   provider workshop. The workshop thereby aims at getting to know the remaining providers and their solution concepts in detail. In this context, it is important to pre-define the objectives of the workshop in order to be able to evaluate solutions, appearances and knowledge of the providers as accurately as possible. The subsequent evaluation of the providers should thereby include non-monetary as well as monetary aspects: Non-monetary aspects will, on the one hand, be compared by means of a cost-benefit analysis. The investment calculation, on the other hand, will reflect monetary aspects. Both results are finally consulted by the management for making a decision. Afterwards, the provider has to draw up a functional specification according to which the purchase contract is finalized. With the final implementation of the I4.0 measure, the realization phase is considered to be successfully completed.

Demonstration
Building upon the realization phase, the demonstration phase aims for transforming the realized I4.0 application into an I4.0 showcase that serves as an inspiration for other enterprises to enhance I4.0 penetration in SMEs in GPN by simultaneously promoting the innovation performance of the company. For reaching this, the present model refers to a questionnaire proposed by the VDMA, which can be seen as an application document and as an instrument of assistance for transforming the I4.0 use case into a showcase for the Platform Industrie 4.0-an extensive and valuable collection of practice-oriented I4.0 applications [36]. Since the platform is used as a popular source of information by institutions and companies alike, both its multiplication effects as well as its use as a source of information for companies are good reasons to promote the showcases on the platform [23].

Application to industrial use case
After having introduced the process model from a theoretical point of view, its steps are subsequently applied to the GPN of a globally acting first-tier system supplier to the automotive industry. So as to provide incentives to improve product quality and logistics performance within the GPN despite high complexities, the company has initiated a project to define and implement supplier-specific I4.0 showcases based on the presented procedure. These showcases are intended to serve as lighthouse projects for improving supplier qualities and logistics performances within the GPN by means of I4.0. The overriding, longterm objective thereby lays in avoiding customer complaints and in increasing customer satisfaction.
For identifying potential problems, a kickoff workshop was held during the initialization phase to brainstorm potential suppliers of the first-tier supplier, for which a targeted I4.0 solution could contribute to an improvement in supplier quality. Based on the number of past customer complaints, three promising supplier use cases have been identified. One of the three supplier-specific I4.0 use cases will subsequently be examined in more detail.
Generally, the supplier is a manufacturer of technical moldings made of thermo-and duroplastic materials, who serves companies in the automotive, electrical as well as medical technology industries and therefore employs a low three-digit workforce. The particular topic that has been selected is the supply of duroplastic pistons with quality defects (e.g. scratches, break-outs), which despite a Transportation Process 1

Packaging
Unloading and 1st quality control 2nd quality control and packaging Unloading & 3rd quality control Incoming goods inspection and unloading for assembly Scrap ≈ 7% Scrap ≈ 13%

Transportation
Transportation

Transportation
Transportation preceding threefold manual visual inspection led to complaints from the first-tier supplier's customer. Hence, the overall objective of the use case was to guarantee a 100% delivery of pistons without quality defects from the second-to the first-tier supplier. Thus, a network-based value stream analysis was first of all carried out (Fig. 8) in order to reveal critical process steps (analysis phase).
Besides, the I4.0 maturity assessment, both from the network as well as from the supplier perspective, was applied to investigate which of the supplier's fields of action might benefit from an increased I4.0 implementation. To guarantee pistons without quality defects, Fig. 9 shows that the I4.0 maturity assessment particularly revealed two promising directions for development: "degree of automation" and "avoidance of errors" (see Figs. 3, 4).
The results obtained from these two examinations were brought together within the scope of a problem analysis which also already proposes potential solution approaches. As Fig. 10 unveils, several root causes and a potential solution approach for the reduction of the amount of defective pistons could be identified: In addition to the production layout and the variety of manual movements, impure environmental conditions or the time-consuming threefold visual inspection might exemplarily be named as root causes for the high scrap rate. Potential solution approaches for ensuring a high piston quality and hence for avoiding the delivery of pistons with quality defects might, on the one hand, include the application of basic lean principles (upper part in Fig. 10). On the other hand, they might refer to the use of more sophisticated I4.0 technologies which are related to the I4.0 maturity assessment and include the avoidance of errors and the reduction of manual process steps (lower part in Fig. 10).
For subsequently elaborating concrete solution approaches in the conceptualization phase, 22 ideas were generated using the four step procedure of the creativity part (see Sect. 3.3). These 22 ideas were then assigned to one of the following five clusters: "optical & automated quality assurance", "material flow", "clean room", "tool monitoring", and "packaging & traceability". Discussing and prioritizing these clusters finally led to the decision that the measure "optical & automated quality assurance" should be elaborated in more detail. Therefore, by means of the methodology presented in Sect. 3.4, a project profile was detailed, Particularly relevant directions for improvement related with the high amount of defective pistons and the high number of manual process steps The "implementation of a quality control system for an automatic inspection of the outer and inner surfaces of the piston, allowing for an assessment of the pistons in terms of their status (defective; non-defective) and thus for the prevention of the supplier from delivering defective parts to the first-tier supplier" has thereby been defined as the concrete objective of the use case. With respect to important requirements that have to be taken into account, the adherence to the measuring accuracy, the necessity for a 100% fault detection for inner and outer surfaces and the provision of an all-in-one solution were worked out (also see Fig. 11). These requirements have, among others, been included in the requirements catalogue in order to allow potential providers to get an idea of the task.
When searching for suitable technology providers, the provider directories of relevant trade fairs for quality assurance were first screened, resulting in 106 possible providers (longlist). After an intensive examination of their websites, a shortlist of the ten most suitable providers could be drawn  up. These were contacted with the requirements catalogue, requesting a statement on the task. While six of the ten providers reported that they were not qualified for the task, the four remaining ones expressed general interest. Hence, sample parts were exchanged with these four providers for carrying out test measurements. However, only two providers yielded promising results with their respective solutions, so that they were invited to the selection workshop and subsequently evaluated regarding their suitability by means of a cost-benefit analysis (see excerpt in Fig. 11). As Fig. 11 reveals, none of the providers convinced unrestrictedly compared to its competitor. However, as only "Provider 1" showed willingness to act as general contractor, the decision was ultimately made in its favor. Currently, his proposed, camera-based solution is implemented, whereupon the use case will be displayed as a showcase on the Platform Industry 4.0 as part of the demonstration phase.

Conclusion
Arisen from an increased need for a holistic methodological support of SMEs in implementing I4.0, this paper proposes a process model for the realization and demonstration of SME-based I4.0 showcases in GPN. The methodology is subdivided into five phases and focuses on increasing product qualities and logistics performances within GPN. Unique selling points of the model include a holistic and continuous methodological support, especially in the realization phase, and the network-wide alignment. This way, the model supports GPN-wide improvements which result from an increased I4.0 implementation at SMEs. The method was successfully applied to the GPN of a first-tier supplier to the automotive industry and its suitability for developing specific I4.0 use cases could be proven by implementing a camera-based quality assurance system which replaces costly manual optical inspection and ensures a 100% delivery of non-defective pistons from the small-sized second-tier supplier to the first-tier supplier.