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A Comprehensive Review of Hepatic Hemangioma Management

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery

Abstract

Background

Hepatic hemangiomas (HHs) are benign liver lesions often discovered incidentally on imaging for various unrelated pathologies. We herein review the etiology, classification, diagnostic imaging, and management of HHs.

Methods

A comprehensive systematic review was performed utilizing MEDLINE/PubMed and Web of Science databases, with the end of search date being March 1, 2022, regarding HH diagnosis, imaging, and management.

Results

HHs can be broadly classified as capillary hemangiomas or cavernous hemangiomas. While the exact pathophysiology related to the development of HHs remains largely unknown, hormone exposure has been postulated to cause HH growth. HHs appear homogenously hyperechoic on US with distinct margins and posterior acoustic enhancement. While cavernous hemangiomas appear as well-defined hypodense lesions on pre-contrast CT images with the same density as the vasculature, one of the most reliable imaging features for diagnosing cavernous hemangiomas is high signal intensity on T2 weighted images. While most HHs are asymptomatic, some patients can present with pain or compressive symptoms with bleeding/rupture being very rare. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is a rare but life-threatening condition associated with thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. When HHs are symptomatic or in the setting of Kasabach Merritt syndrome, surgery is indicated. Enucleation is an attractive surgical option for HH as it spares normal liver tissue. Most patients experience symptom relief following surgical resection.

Conclusion

HHs are very common benign liver lesions. High-quality imaging is imperative to distinguish HHs from other liver lesions. Surgery is generally reserved for patients who present with symptoms such as pain, obstruction, or rarely Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. Surgery can involve either formal resection or, in most instances, simple enucleation. Patients generally have good outcomes following surgery with resolution of their symptoms.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

    Hassan Aziz

  2. Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 395 W. 12th Ave., Suite 670, Columbus, OH, USA

    Zachary J. Brown & Timothy M. Pawlik

  3. Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Azarakhsh Baghdadi & Ihab R. Kamel

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  1. Hassan Aziz
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  2. Zachary J. Brown
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  3. Azarakhsh Baghdadi
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  5. Timothy M. Pawlik
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Correspondence to Timothy M. Pawlik.

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Aziz, H., Brown, Z.J., Baghdadi, A. et al. A Comprehensive Review of Hepatic Hemangioma Management. J Gastrointest Surg 26, 1998–2007 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-022-05382-1

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