Abstract
To understand sound propagation and beam formation, the physical properties of soft tissues from the biosonar system of odontocetes should be explored. Based on the acoustic impedance distributions of biosonar systems, these processes have been examined via numerical simulations. In this study, the images of a short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) were obtained via computed tomography. Then, the dolphin was dissected to extract tissue samples for additional examination. In addition to the speed of sound and density measurements, the acoustic attenuation coefficients of the biosonar system in the forehead were tested. The results revealed that the inner layer of the forehead was characterized using low sound speed, low density, and high attenuation. Acoustic fields and beam patterns were then evaluated by setting acoustic attenuation coefficients at different levels. Sounds propagating along the low-attenuation path had a lesser reduction in amplitude. Beam directivities in near and far fields suggested that changes in attenuation distribution would cause beam patterns to shift. These results indicated the complexity of a dolphin’s sonar emission system and helped improve our understanding of sound energy attenuation via studies on the forehead of odontocetes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. E. Moore, and S. H. Ridgway, Aquat. Mamm. 21, 55 (1995).
W. Richardson, C. J. Greene, C. Malme, and D. Thomson, Marine Mammals and Noise (Academic Press, San Diego, 1995).
M. S. Soldevilla, E. E. Henderson, G. S. Campbell, S. M. Wiggins, J. A. Hildebrand, and M. A. Roch, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124, 609 (2008).
E. E. Henderson, J. A. Hildebrand, M. H. Smith, and E. A. Falcone, Mar. Mammal Sci. 28, 439 (2012).
V. Petrella, E. Martinez, M. G. Anderson, and K. A. Stockin, Mar. Mammal Sci. 28, 479 (2012).
M. Arribart, J. Ognard, C. Guintard, F. Domergue, S. Hassani, and D. Ben Salem, Histol. Embryol. 46, 204 (2017).
E. Dong, Y. Zhang, Z. Song, T. Zhang, C. Cai, and N. X. Fang, Natl. Sci. Rev. 6, 921 (2019).
X. Gao, Y. Zhang, W. Cao, E. Dong, Z. Song, S. Li, L. Tang, and S. Zhang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 013505 (2016).
M. S. Soldevilla, M. F. McKenna, S. M. Wiggins, R. E. Shadwick, T. W. Cranford, and J. A. Hildebrand, J. Exp. Biol. 208, 2319 (2005).
M. F. Mckenna, J. A. Goldbogen, J. St. Leger, J. A. Hildebrand, and T. W. Cranford, Anat. Rec. 290, 1023 (2007).
T. W. Cranford, M. Amundin, and K. S. Norris, J. Morphol. 228, 223 (1996).
T. W. Cranford, V. Trijoulet, C. R. Smith, and P. Krysl, Bioacoustics 23, 161 (2014).
Z. Song, X. Xu, J. Dong, L. Xing, M. Zhang, X. Liu, Y. Zhang, S. Li, and P. Berggren, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 138, 3129 (2015).
C. Wei, Z. Wang, Z. Song, K. Wang, D. Wang, W. W. L. Au, and Y. Zhang, PLoS ONE 10, e0121442 (2015).
R. Feng, W. N. Mao, and Z. H. Chen, Acta Acust. 17, 51 (1992).
R. Kuc, and M. Schwartz, IEEE Trans. Son. Ultrason. 26, 353 (1979).
R. Kuc, M. Schwartz, and L. V. Micsky, in Parametric estimation of the acoustic attenuation coefficient slope for soft tissue: Proceedings of the 1976 Ultrasonics Symposium (IEEE, New York, 1976), pp. 44–47.
R. Kuc, Proc. IEEE 73, 1159 (1985).
A. Ba, A. Kovalenko, C. Aristégui, O. Mondain-Monval, and T. Brunet, Sci. Rep. 7, 40106 (2017).
J. Blomberg, and B. Nordy Jensen, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 755 (1976).
M. D. Gray, and P. H. Rogers, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 141, EL83 (2017).
M. L. Hua, Z. D. Qian, K. Zhou, Y. C. Wang, and T. X. Tang, Acta Thcriolog. Sin. 7, 85 (1987).
W. W. L. Au, The Sonar of Dolphins (Springer, New York, 1993), p. 277.
W. W. L. Au, Acoust. Phys. 50, 454 (2004).
R. A. Robb, Biomedical Imaging, Visualization, and Analysis (Wiley, New York, 1999), p. 339.
Z. Song, Y. Zhang, P. Berggren, and C. Wei, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 141, 681 (2017).
Z. Song, Y. Zhang, C. Wei, and X. Wang, Phys. Rev. E 93, 012411 (2016).
W. W. L. Au, and M. Hastings, Principles of Marine Bioacoustics (Springer, New York, 2008), p. 227.
J. L. Aroyan, T. W. Cranford, J. Kent, and K. S. Norris, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 92, 2539 (1992).
M. J. Isakson, and N. P. Chotiros, in A finite element model of propagation on the Southern and Western Australian continental shelf: Proceedings of the Oceans’10 IEEE Sydney (IEEE, New York, 2010).
M. J. Isakson, and N. P. Chotiros, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129, 1273 (2011).
J. S. Perkins, and E. I. Thorsos, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122, 3074 (2007).
J. Dong, Z. Song, S. Li, Z. Gong, K. Li, P. Zhang, Y. Zhang, and M. Zhang, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 142, 1901 (2017).
K. S. Norris, and G. W. Harvey, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56, 659 (1974).
X. Y. Jing, Y. F. Xiao, and R. C. Jing, Acta Acust. 7, 14 (1982).
J. C. Goold, and M. R. Clarke, J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 80, 535 (2000).
C. G. Flewellen, and R. J. Morris, Deep Sea Res. 25, 269 (1978).
J. Blomberg, and L. E. Lindholm, Lipids 11, 153 (1976).
C. Wei, W. W. L. Au, D. R. Ketten, Z. Song, and Y. Zhang, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 141, 4179 (2017).
Y. Zhang, Z. Song, X. Wang, W. Cao, and W. W. L. Au, Phys. Rev. Appl. 8, 064002 (2017).
M. F. McKenna, T. W. Cranford, A. Berta, and N. D. Pyenson, Mar. Mammal Sci. 28, 690 (2012).
E. L. Carstensen, and H. P. Schwan, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 31, 305 (1959).
H. L. Kuo, and J. S. Weng, J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 52, 166 (1975).
F. W. Kremkau, R. W. Barnes, and C. P. McGraw, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70, 29 (1981).
M. O’Donnell, E. Jaynes, and J. Miller, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69, 696 (1981).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2018YFC1407504, and 2018YFC1407505), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12074323), Special Fund for Marine and Fishery Development of Xiamen (Grant No. 20CZB015HJ01), Water Conservancy Science and Technology Innovation Project of Guangdong (Grant No. 2020-16), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2020M682086), and China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (Grant No. BX2021168). We gratefully acknowledge the help from Xiaohui Xu, affiliated with the College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, during CT scanning and measurements.
Supporting Information
The supporting information is available online at http://phys.scichina.com and https://link.springer.com. The supporting materials are published as submitted, without typesetting or editing. The responsibility for scientific accuracy and content remains entirely with the authors.
Supporting Information
11433_2021_1744_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
Ultrasound beam shift induced by short-beaked common dolphin’s (Delphinus delphis) tissues as an attenuating gradient material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, C., Song, Z., Thornton, S.W. et al. Ultrasound beam shift induced by short-beaked common dolphin’s (Delphinus delphis) tissues as an attenuating gradient material. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 64, 108711 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-021-1744-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-021-1744-x