Abstract
Over the last few decades, the global rise in energy demand has prompted researchers to investigate the energy requirements from alternative green fuels apart from the conventional fossil fuels, due to the surge in CO2 emission levels. In this context, the global demand for hydrogen is anticipated to extend by 4–5% in the next 5 years. Different production technologies like gasification of coal, partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, and reforming of natural gas are used to obtain high yields of hydrogen. In present time, 96% of hydrogen is produced by the conventional methods, and the remaining 4% is produced by the electrolysis of water. Photo-electrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a promising and progressive solar-to-hydrogen pathway with high conversion efficiency at low operating temperatures with substrate electrodes such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), incorporated with photocatalytic nanomaterials. Several semiconducting nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, TiO2, ZnO, graphene, alpha-Fe2O3, WO3, metal nitrides, metal phosphides, cadmium-based quantum dots, and rods have been reported for PEC water splitting. The design of photocatalytic electrodes plays a crucial role for efficient PEC water splitting process. By modifying the composition and morphology of photocatalytic nanomaterials, the overall solar-to-hydrogen (STH) energy conversion efficiency can be improved by optimizing their opto-electronic properties. The present article highlights the recent advancements in cleaner and effective photocatalysts for producing high yields of hydrogen via PEC water splitting.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to sincerely thank the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), a statutory body of the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, for the funded research project entitled “Colloidal Quantum dots as Enhancers in Photo catalytic Hydrogen Generation,” file no. CRG/2021/000011-G.
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VD, SS, and VS are the Ph.D. candidates who performed the literature search and data analysis for this review paper. The review was carried out under the supervision of SG and ADS (Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India 144008). All authors have fruitfully contributed to the final manuscript.
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Dhiman, V., Singh, S., Srivastava, V. et al. Nanomaterials for photo-electrochemical water splitting: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30629-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30629-y