Abstract
Carbamazepine is a widely used antiepileptic drug to control and treat a variety of disorders that is frequently detected in surface water, and in municipal and urban wastewater. This recalcitrant pollutant could be removed by alternative advanced oxidation technology such as heterogeneous photocatalysis. Ce-modified ZnO and Pd-modified TiO2 were synthesized by a microwave-assisted sol–gel method. According to the characterizations (Raman spectroscopy, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), a mixture of oxides was determined in both materials: CeO2/ZnO and PdO/TiO2. Photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine in pure water under visible light (3 h) was assayed. The degradation percentage obtained with each catalyst was 80%, 53%, 20%, and 9% for ZnO, Ce-modified ZnO, TiO2, and Pd-modified TiO2, respectively. The leaching of Zn as a possible source of water contamination was tested, finding the lowest value for Ce-modified ZnO by adjusting the initial pH up to neutrality. Later, an environmentally relevant concentration of carbamazepine (228 µg L−1) was assayed, using local surface water (pH = 8.3). Despite the presence of other compounds in the real water matrix, after 5 h of photocatalysis, a 56% of degradation of the pharmaceutical and low leaching of Zn were achieved. The use of Ce-modified ZnO activated by visible light is a promising strategy for the abatement of pharmaceutical active compounds.
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Acknowledgements
J. A. Rosso, P. I. Villabrille, D. Marino and P. Caregnato are research members of CONICET, Argentina. L. Rossi thanks CONICET for the fellowships. The authors thank PhD Manuel Flores for his contribution in the analysis of carbamazepine.
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This research was supported by grant PIP 1522 from Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), PICT-2016-0372 from Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación, el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación (Agencia I + D + i), X835 from Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), and PIP-2020-2452 from Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET).
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LR: investigation, visualization, and writing—original draft. PIV: investigation, conceptualization, resources, writing—original draft, supervision, and project administration. JAR: investigation, conceptualization, resources, writing—original draft, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition. PC: investigation, conceptualization, resources, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, project administration, and funding acquisition. DJM: investigation and visualization. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Rossi, L., Villabrille, P.I., Marino, D.J. et al. Degradation of carbamazepine in surface water: performance of Pd-modified TiO2 and Ce-modified ZnO as photocatalysts. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 116078–116090 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30531-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30531-7