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Elucidating growth and biochemical characteristics of rice seedlings under stress from chromium VI salt and nanoparticles

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Abstract

Plants are usually provoked by a variety of heavy metal (HM) stressors that have adverse effects on their growth and other biochemical characterizations. Among the HMs, chromium has been considered the most toxic for both plants and animals. The present study was conducted to compare the phytotoxic effects of increasing chromium (VI) salt and nanoparticles (NPs) concentrations on various growth indexes of rice (Oryza sativa L. var. swat 1) seedlings grown in a hydroponic system. The 7-day rice seedlings were exposed to Cr (VI) salt and NPs hydroponic suspensions which were adjusted to the concentration of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/L. Both the Cr (VI) salt and NPs with lower concentrations (up to 100mg/L) exerted minimum inhibitory effects on the growth performance of rice seedlings. However, a significant decrease in shoot and root length and their fresh and dry weight was recorded at higher doses of Cr (VI) salt (200 mg/L) and NPs (250 mg/L). The stress induced by Cr (VI) salt has drastically affected the roots, whereas, Cr (VI) NPs significantly affected the shoot tissues. Photosynthetic pigments decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner, and the reduction was more pronounced in rice seedlings exposed to Cr (VI) NPs compared to Cr (VI) salt. Cr (VI) NPs enhanced the membrane permeability in shoots and roots as compared to that of Cr (VI) salt, which resulted in higher concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased lipid peroxidation. The activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased significantly in shoot/root tissue following exposure to higher doses of Cr (VI) salt (200 mg/L) and NPs stress (250 mg/L), while minor changes in CAT and APX activities were observed in root and shoot tissues after exposure to higher concentration of Cr (VI) NP. Furthermore, the increasing concentrations of Cr (VI) NPs increased the length of stomatal guard cells. Conclusively, Cr (VI) salt and NPs in higher concentrations have higher potential to damage the growth and induce oxidative stress in rice plants.

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Funding

The current research was financially co-supported by the Basic Science Research program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, South Korea under the Project (NRF-2015R1A6A1A0303141323) and Pakistan Science Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan (PSF/NLSP/KP-KUST (1001). The Authors are also delighted to acknowledge the Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan for providing facilities to accomplish this research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan

    Maryam Noor, Nadia Taimur & Imran Ali

  2. Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Arif Ullah & Azizullah Azizullah

  3. Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-Si, Gyeongsang Nam-do, 52828, South Korea

    Muhammad Israr Khan, Gil Won Kim & Pil Joo Kim

  4. Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-Si, Gyeongsang Nam-do, 52828, South Korea

    Muhammad Israr Khan & Gil Won Kim

  5. College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, USA

    Irum Raza

  6. Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Iqbal & Abdul Aziz

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  1. Maryam Noor
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Contributions

All the authors have significantly contributed to the development of the current manuscript draft file. The main and basic research idea of the current project was developed by IA; he also wrote and analyzed the data by applying statistics. MN and AU contributed by carrying out the experiments and wrote the initial draft manuscript. AU, NT, IRMI and AA critically evaluated and revived the manuscript. PJK and GWK contributed to the research on technical grounds as well as they added their guidance and support for the structuring the current research manuscript draft. MIK wrote and edited the manuscript for proof reading and English grammar check.

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Correspondence to Imran Ali or Pil Joo Kim.

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The current research was conducted after approval from ethical committee, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan following the standard protocols at the Department of Botany. The research involved no human samples, and no animals were used/harmed during this project directly or indirectly.

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Noor, ., Ullah, A., Khan, M.I. et al. Elucidating growth and biochemical characteristics of rice seedlings under stress from chromium VI salt and nanoparticles. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 117562–117576 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30487-8

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