Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can promote infant neurodevelopmental impairment and maternal postpartum depression (PPD). However, the associations between lactation exposure to EDCs, maternal PPD, and infant neurodevelopment are unclear. Hence, we investigated these relationships in infants aged 36–42 months. We recruited 221 Korean mothers and analyzed 29 EDCs. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess maternal PPD. Bayley scales of infant development; the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham rating scale (SNAP); and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were used to assess neurodevelopment in infants exposed to the top 30% of EDC over three years. Multiple regression analyses were adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, education, income, employment, residence, and infant age and sex. The rates of infants with clinically abnormal diagnoses on neurologic developmental tests (Balyey, SNAP, and CBCL scales) ranged from 7.7 to 38.5% in this study, with the motor and hyperactivity/impulsivity areas scoring the highest among 65 boys and girls. Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) and mono-isononyl phthalate (MiNP) levels in breast milk significantly correlated with infant inattention and hyperactivity. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorooctyl sulfonate (PFOS) levels correlated significantly with motor development of BSID-III and total CBCL score which mean infant might have lower developmental status. EDC concentrations in breast milk were not associated with maternal PPD. Overall, lactational exposure to EDCs during the postpartum period can exert a negative effect on maternal PPD and infant neurodevelopment.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the mothers and infants who participated in this study. We would also like to acknowledge the efforts of Myoug-Hee Yun and the nurses who collected the samples at the Moyusarang Lactation Consultant Clinic and Jinhyuk Lim (Korea Cognitive Development Institute), Heeju Ha (Korea Cognitive Development Institute), Eunkyeong Lee (Daum Clinical Counseling Center), Seoyeong Jeong (Daum Clinical Counseling Center), Gui Nam Seo (Zhen-i Children Family Counseling Center), Jungin Choi (Jungin Clinic), and Sooyeon Lee (clinical psychologist).
Funding
This research was funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea, funded by the Korean Ministry of Science, ICT, grant number NRF-2021R1A2C4001788.
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Conceptualization, JHK and EJ; methodology, JHK, HM and NM; software, JHK and NM; validation, JHK, NM, and HM; formal analysis, NM, and HM; investigation, JHK, EJ, NM, and HM; resources, JHK; data curation, JHK and NM; writing—original draft preparation, JHK, EJ, NM, and HM; writing—review and editing, JHK, EJ, NM, and HM; visualization, JHK and NM; supervision, JHK; project administration, JHK; funding acquisition, JHK. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kyung Hee University, South Korea (approval number KHSIRB-18–029).
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Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
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The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Kim, J.H., Moon, N., Ji, E. et al. Effects of postnatal exposure to phthalate, bisphenol a, triclosan, parabens, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances on maternal postpartum depression and infant neurodevelopment: a korean mother-infant pair cohort study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 96384–96399 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29292-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29292-0