Abstract
Rice cultivation, particularly prone to weed issues, requires practices able to effectively control them, however reducing the use of herbicides, responsible for damage to human health and ecosystem sustainability. Alternative strategies for weed management can be based on plant-plant interaction phenomena. In this context, a group of organic farmers has developed a pragmatic approach for weed containment using Lolium multiflorum Lam. as a cover crop before rice. The present study aimed to confirm the farmer field observations reporting a preferential inhibitory effect of L. multiflorum on Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch, one of the most yield-damaging rice weed, compared with Oryza sativa L. The study showed that L. multiflorum was able to significantly reduce the seed germination of E. oryzoides. It was found to be more susceptible than O. sativa both to the effect of the aqueous extract and powder of L. multiflorum leaves (23–79% vs. 3–57% and 26–100% vs. 23–31%, respectively). In addition, the leaf extract was able to affect E. oryzoides growth starting from 20% concentration both in relation to the root and shoot length while O. sativa exhibited differences compared with the control only under the influence of extract 50%. The L. multiflorum leaf characterization by NMR and UPLC-HR-MS analyses led to the identification of 35 compounds including several polyphenols, glycosyl flavonoids and glycosyl terpenoids, as well as different amino acids and organic acids. Some of them (e.g. protocatechuic and gallic acids) are already known as allelochemicals confirming that L. multiflorum is a source of plant growth inhibitors.
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17 July 2020
In the title, it should be Oryza instead of Oriza.
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully thank Dr. Stefano Gomarasca for his help in plant identification and seed treatment; all the members of the multi-actor community “RisoBioVero”, the farmers network “Noi Amici della Terra” and the farm “Terre di Lomellina di Rosalia Caimo Duc” for the efforts in promoting the networking, knowledge exchange and dissemination of best practices; the farm “Una Garlanda” as the early pioneer of the practice.
Funding
This research was supported by “Risobiosystems Project” (Italian Ministry Mipaaf funds, for research and innovation in the organic rice sector) and by EcorNaturaSì s.p.a.
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Stefano Bocchi, Marcello Iriti, Francesca Orlando and Sara Vitalini contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Cristina Airoldi, Sumer Alali, Ivano De Noni, Francesca Orlando, Alessandro Palmioli, Valentina Vaglia and Sara Vitalini. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Cristina Airoldi, Francesca Orlando, Alessandro Palmioli and Sara Vitalini. All authors commented on later versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Vitalini, S., Orlando, F., Palmioli, A. et al. Different phytotoxic effect of Lolium multiflorum Lam. leaves against Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch and Oriza sativa L.. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 33204–33214 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09573-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09573-8