Abstract
Increased alcohol consumption, especially among young people, is a major concern in Turkey as it is around the world due to negative effects on public health and safety. Regarding this, it is pivotal to monitor and therefore control alcohol use in public. In this case, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), which is the in-depth analysis of wastewater and a relatively new method, can deliver complementary information concerning the abuse of different substances. The proven potential of the WBE approach offers new promises in the process of monitoring alcohol use, namely the monitoring of the levels of ethyl sulfate (EtS) as a urinary biomarker of alcohol consumption, and it is a powerful mean to estimate alcohol use at the community level. In this study, raw 24-h composite wastewater samples were collected from Seyhan and Yüregir wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Adana Province for one week per season (October 2016–August 2017). The fast and validated analytical method was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and therefore applied to the analysis of ethyl sulfate (EtS). Obtained concentration values were back-calculated, and regional and temporal social usage rates were determined. Higher values were calculated for both WWTPs on Sunday. Alcohol consumption in the region served by Seyhan WWTP was higher than Yüregir WWTP. The results showed that the levels of alcohol consumption during given periods in Adana ranged from 659.8 to 8998.7 mL/day/1000 per person with an average value of 4983.9 and 3924.2 mL/day/1000 inhabitant in Seyhan WWTP and Yüregir WWTP, respectively. This study shows that weekly and annual trends in alcohol consumption can be detected quickly from wastewater analysis.
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Acknowledgments
All the authors would like to thank the administrators of “Adana Water and Sewage Management (ASKI)” for their help in the sampling of wastewaters from WWTPs.
Contributors’ statements
Aslı Atasoy, Evsen Yavuz Guzel, and Huseyin Dengiz carried out the experiments and verified the analytical methods. Nebile Daglioglu supervised the findings of this work and developed the theory. Anvar Asadi wrote the manuscript with support from Nebile Daglioglu and Anvar Asadi helped in providing revise of manuscript.
Funding
This study was supported by Cukurova University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit, Adana, Turkey (Project number: TÖA20165854).
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Daglioglu, N., Atasoy, A., Asadi, A. et al. Estimating alcohol consumption by using wastewater-based epidemiology in Adana Province, Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 31884–31891 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09056-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09056-w