Abstract
Effluent discharged from textile industries, particularly the denim dyeing units containing indigo carmine/crystal violet/highly dimethyl-aminated crystal violet, is a huge threat to flora and fauna in that area. These effluents are highly toxic, mutagenic, and linked to prevalence of cancer in these areas. Since no single enzyme is capable of breaking down these different chemical moieties, this study involved production of complex oxidoreductases on thermally extracted aqueous extract of wheat bran. The extracellular filtrate was rich in several oxidoreductases, particularly laccase (88.64 U g−1 wheat bran) and manganese peroxidase (20.13 U g−1 wheat bran). Addition of 2,6-dimethyl aniline further increased the laccase production to 153.76 U g−1 wheat bran. The culture filtrate produced on wheat bran alone could marginally (< 20%) decolorize (except reactive orange 16 or RO16 which was not acted upon) the tested dyes at dosage of 500 U L−1. Addition of 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) or ABTS during the decolorization process increased decolorization to more than 70% for Kiton blue A, acid violet 17, and reactive black 5. Nearly 60% decolorization was achieved for RO16 by culture filtrate produced on induced medium in the presence of ABTS. Treatment of the combined effluent, containing derivatives of crystal violet, resulted in nearly 90% decolorization with concomitant removal of dimethyl-amino units and accumulation of o-dimethyl-amino dimethyl aniline (m/z 164) indicating an oxidative breakdown pathway which is reverse of the chemical synthetic route of these dyes. The phyto-detoxification and reduction of mutagenicity accompanied the degradation process.
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The raw data used and/or analyzed in this study are available with the corresponding author and can be supplied on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
AA acknowledges the award of SRF from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Govt. of India.
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SM gratefully acknowledges the Department of Biotechnology (Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India) for providing financial (BT/PR28676/BCE/8/1508/2019) support to perform a part of this project.
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Aakanksha Ahlawat: conceptualization, experimental work, data analysis, mass spectrometry, and first draft. Saroj Mishra: conceptualization, planning, resources, data analysis, and editing and preparation of the final draft.
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Ahlawat, A., Mishra, S. Complex Laccase-Oxidoreductase Mixture: Effective for Oxidative Decolorization and Detoxification of Dyes and Complex Effluent from Textile Mill. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 135 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06163-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06163-5