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Evaluation of physical and chemical properties of citric acid industrial waste

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Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate physical and chemical properties and nutritive values of citric acid by-product (CABP) from cassava and to compare its properties with those of cassava root meal (CRM). The physical properties analyzed were color, bulk density, angle of repose, particle size distribution, and ultrastructure morphology. The chemical properties were determined using proximate analysis. Regarding the physical results, the CABP’s color was darker, and its bulk density was greater by approximately 64.18% than those of the CRM (p < 0.05). The CABP’s angle of repose was significantly lower (p < 0.05) with a freer flow, and the particle size was classified as small with fewer polygonal starch granules but more than the CRM. Regarding the chemical composition results, the CABP contained 0.71% citric acid with pH 4.68 whereas crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and gross energy were 6.11%, 2.39%, 18.26%, and 3588.10 kcal/kg, respectively. CABP showed greater and significantly different crude proteins and ether extracts but less gross energy than the CRM (p < 0.05). The results imply that the CABP could be an alternative energy source and used as a CRM substitution in animal feed formulation.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the Fermentation Research Center for Value Added Agricultural Products Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University (KKU), and Research Group on Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals, KKU, for providing the use of the research facilities.

Funding

This work received a financial support from the Fermentation Research Center for Value Added Agricultural Products Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University (KKU), and Research Group on Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals, KKU. This work was also supported by the Thailand Research Fund (TRF) contract grant IRG5980010.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand

    Sirisak Tanpong, Anusorn Cherdthong & Sawitree Wongtangtintharn

  2. Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand

    Bundit Tengjaroenkul

  3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Urai Tengjaroenkul

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  1. Sirisak Tanpong
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  2. Anusorn Cherdthong
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  3. Bundit Tengjaroenkul
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  4. Urai Tengjaroenkul
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  5. Sawitree Wongtangtintharn
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Correspondence to Sawitree Wongtangtintharn.

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Tanpong, S., Cherdthong, A., Tengjaroenkul, B. et al. Evaluation of physical and chemical properties of citric acid industrial waste. Trop Anim Health Prod 51, 2167–2174 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01917-y

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