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The Southern Hemisphere lampreys (Geotriidae and Mordaciidae)

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Abstract

Lampreys are jawless fishes (Cyclostomata) that are distributed antitropically around the world. Of the three extant lamprey clades (Petromyzontidae, Geotriidae, and Mordaciidae), Geotriidae and Mordaciidae are only found in the Southern Hemisphere. Geotriidae includes two anadromous species, G. australis and G. macrostoma, while Mordaciidae includes three species: Mordacia mordax (anadromous), M. lapicida (anadromous), and M. praecox (resident and non-feeding). Similar to several Northern Hemisphere species, Southern Hemisphere species are targeted by fisheries (G. australis), culturally significant (to Māori and Mapuche), key prey for many species (including endangered species), and regarded as crucial links for understanding the evolution of vertebrates. Prior to this work, key information on the Southern Hemisphere lampreys was dispersed throughout the literature, hindering attempts to synthesise critical information about these species. Here we provide detailed descriptions of the five Southern Hemisphere species to facilitate the identification efforts by technicians, managers, researchers, and other interested parties. We then review the taxonomy, distribution, biology, genetics, significance, and threats to these lampreys from over 100 years of written sources (e.g., peer-reviewed publications and agency reports), complemented by interviews and Indigenous knowledge, in order to synthesise and centralise key information. We conclude by identifying Western science knowledge gaps and offering suggestions for addressing them: this is critical as anthropogenic environmental changes are negatively affecting Southern Hemisphere lampreys, and will likely continue to do so into the future.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (MBIE) New Zealand (grant C01X1615) and the University of Otago. AKM was supported via a University of Otago Doctoral Scholarship and the NIH Minority Health International Research Training Programme run through UCSC. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Indigenous peoples of Aotearoa/New Zealand (Māori), Australia (Nyungar), and Chile (Mapuche) for their insight, references, and recommendations. Special thanks to I. C. Potter for all of his contributions and dedication to research on Southern Hemisphere lamprey species; to P. Brickle, R. Phillips, and Falkland Fisheries Department staff for their observations and references; to B. Zampatti and A. Strawbridge for their valuable discussions concerning South Australian lampreys; to Pablo Ricardo Reyes Lobao-Tello for his recommendations and references; and to Dr. Phillipa L. Milton and J. Garbutt for granting permission to discuss their unpublished research findings. Thank you to Arron Strawbridge, Stella McQueen, Dean Gilligan, David Morgan, and Cara Brosnahan for their photo contributions.

Funding

This study was funded by the Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (MBIE) New Zealand (Grant No. C01X1615) and a University of Otago Doctoral Scholarship and a NIH Minority Health International Research Training Programme run through UCSC.

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  1. Alana Alexander, Neil J. Gemmell have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand

    Allison K. Miller, Alana Alexander & Neil J. Gemmell

  2. Freshwater Ecology, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand

    Cindy Baker

  3. Kitson Consulting Ltd, Invercargill, Waihopai, New Zealand

    Jane C. Kitson

  4. Fisheries Management Branch, Inland Fisheries Service, New Norfolk, Tasmania, Australia

    Jonah L. Yick

  5. Antropólogo, Corporación Cultural Municipal de Valdivia, Avda Los Robles, Valdivia, Región de Los Ríos, Chile

    Pedro E. Inalaf Manquel

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AKM conceived the idea for the review, and conducted the literature search, analyses, and initial manuscript preparation. All authors critically revised the manuscript, and read and approved the final version.

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Miller, A.K., Baker, C., Kitson, J.C. et al. The Southern Hemisphere lampreys (Geotriidae and Mordaciidae). Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 31, 201–232 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-021-09639-x

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