Abstract
Roof runoff is generally perceived as a relatively clean source of water and is therefore often discharged or used without any treatment. Available data from literature however show that roof runoff can be contaminated by a wide range of (micro)pollutants, and in concentrations often exceeding surface water quality and/or drinking water standards. In this review, information on more than 100 contaminants, including trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, phthalates, alkylphenols and alkylphenolethoxylates, is summarized and a meta-analysis provides quantitative proof that roof runoff is a major contributor to stormwater quality deterioration. The two prime sources of roof runoff contamination are leaching from roofing materials and atmospheric deposition. A detailed discussion on material-pollutant relationships is given and a benchmarking method is presented which ranks roofing materials based on their runoff quality. Treated wood roofing and metallic rooftops (copper and zinc) were found to have the highest impact on water quality. Atmospheric deposition is also discussed in detail and includes a summary on the concentration levels in deposition for more than 400 pollutants such as trace metals, pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. As a conclusion, it can be argued that the general perception on roof runoff quality is inaccurate and that its quality aspects should not be overlooked when roof runoff is used or discharged.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and material
Not applicable.
Code availability (software application or custom code)
Not applicable.
Abbreviations
- 2,4-D:
-
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- ACC:
-
Acid copper chromate
- ACQ:
-
Alkaline copper quat
- ACZA:
-
Ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate
- AMPA:
-
Aminomethylphosphonic acid
- AP:
-
Alkylphenol
- APEO:
-
Alkylphenol ethoxylate
- APP:
-
Atactic polypropylene
- BBP:
-
Butyl benzyl phthalate
- BGV:
-
Best guess value
- BPA:
-
Bisphenol A
- CA:
-
Copper azole
- CCA:
-
Chromated copper arsenate
- CBGV :
-
The calculated best guess value
- Cmax ABS :
-
Absolute maximal concentration of a certain pollutant as reported in literature
- Cmax SV :
-
Maximal concentration of the available selected values for a certain pollutant
- Cmean TE :
-
Mean concentration of a certain pollutant based on the triple estimate approach
- Cmean TE, DC :
-
Deposition corrected mean concentration of a certain pollutant based on the triple estimate approach
- Cmin SV :
-
Minimal concentration of the available selected values for a certain pollutant
- COD:
-
Chemical oxygen demand
- DBP:
-
Dibutyl phthalate
- DBPP:
-
Dibutyl phenyl phosphate
- DDD:
-
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
- DDE:
-
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
- DDT:
-
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- DEHP:
-
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
- DEP:
-
Diethyl phthalate
- DF:
-
Calculated detection frequency for a certain pollutant
- DIBP:
-
Diisobutyl phthalate
- DIDP:
-
Diisodecyl phthalate
- DINP:
-
Diisononyl phthalate
- DMP:
-
Dimethyl phthalate
- DNOC:
-
Dinitro-ortho-cresol
- DNOP:
-
Di-n-octyl phthalate
- DOC:
-
Dissolved organic carbon
- DWQS:
-
Drinking water quality standards
- DWQSstrictest :
-
Strictest possible drinking water quality standard for a certain pollutant
- EPDM:
-
Ethylene propylene diene monomer
- EVA:
-
Ethylene vinyl acetate terpolymer
- FPO/TPO:
-
Flexible polyolefin/thermoplastic polyolefin
- HBCD:
-
Hexabromocyclododecane
- HCH:
-
Hexachlorocyclohexane
- KOC :
-
Organic carbon–water partitioning coefficient
- KOW :
-
Octanol–water partitioning coefficient
- LLT:
-
Laboratory leaching test
- MCPA:
-
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
- MCPP:
-
Mecoprop
- MI:
-
Material index
- MIDW :
-
Drinking water material index
- MISW :
-
Environmental/surface water material index
- ne :
-
Number of sampled/reported (rain) events
- np :
-
Number of pollutants found in the runoff of a certain material
- NP:
-
Nonylphenol
- NP1EO:
-
Nonylphenol monoethoxylate
- NP2EO:
-
Nonylphenol diethoxylate
- NP3EO:
-
Nonylphenol triethoxylate
- NPEO:
-
Nonylphenol ethoxylate
- nSV :
-
Number of selected values
- OP:
-
Octylphenol
- OP3EO:
-
Octylphenol triethoxylate
- OPEO:
-
Octylphenol ethoxylate
- PAH:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PBDE:
-
Polybrominated diphenyl ether
- PCB:
-
Polychlorinated biphenyl
- PCP:
-
Pentachlorophenol
- PIB:
-
Polyisobutylene
- PMMA:
-
Polymethylmethacrylate
- PVC:
-
Polyvinylchloride
- SBS:
-
Styrene butadiene styrene
- SFA:
-
Substance flow analysis
- SV:
-
Selected value
- SWQS:
-
Surface water quality standards
- SWQSstrictest :
-
Strictest possible surface water quality standard for a certain pollutant
- TBEP:
-
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
- TBP:
-
Tributyl phosphate
- TCEP:
-
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate
- TCP:
-
Tris(methylphenyl) phosphate
- TCPP:
-
Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate
- TDCPP:
-
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate
- TE:
-
Triple estimate approach
- TEP:
-
Triethyl phosphate
- TiBP:
-
Triisobutyl phosphate
- TN:
-
Total nitrogen
- TOC:
-
Total organic carbon
- TP:
-
Total phosphorus
- TPP:
-
Triphenyl phosphate
- TPPO:
-
Triphenyl phosphine oxide
- TPrP:
-
Tripropyl phosphate
- TPU:
-
Thermoplastic polyurethane
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
References
Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour MSM (2016) A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egypt J Pet 25:107–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJPE.2015.03.011
Acir I-H, Guenther K (2018) Endocrine-disrupting metabolites of alkylphenol ethoxylates—a critical review of analytical methods, environmental occurrences, toxicity, and regulation. Sci Total Environ 635:1530–1546. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.04.079
Agentschap Informatie Vlaanderen (2019) GRBgis - Grootschalig Referentiebestand (GRB). https://www.geopunt.be/catalogus/datasetfolder/7c823055-7bbf-4d62-b55e-f85c30d53162. Accessed 29 Aug 2019
Akbari H, Shea Rose L, Taha H (2003) Analyzing the land cover of an urban environment using high-resolution orthophotos. Landsc Urban Plan 63:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00165-2
Aksu A (2015) Sources of metal pollution in the urban atmosphere (A case study: Tuzla, Istanbul). J Environ Heal Sci Eng 13:79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40201-015-0224-9
Ali SA, Debade X, Chebbo G et al (2017) Contribution of atmospheric dry deposition to stormwater loads for PAHs and trace metals in a small and highly trafficked urban road catchment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:26497–26512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0238-1
Ali U, Syed JH, Malik RN et al (2014) Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in South Asian region: a review. Sci Total Environ 476–477:705–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.107
Al-Malack M (2001) Migration of lead from unplasticized polyvinyl chloride pipes. J Hazard Mater 82:263–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00366-6
Andersson ÅC, Stromvall AM (2001) Leaching of concrete admixtures containing thiocyanate and resin acids. Environ Sci Technol 35:788–793. https://doi.org/10.1021/es000138h
Andersson-Wikström A, Österlund H, Hedström A, et al (2015) The release of pollutants from roofing materials in laboratory experiments. In: IWA International Conference on Diffuse Pollution and Eutrophication: 14–18 September 2015
Arnold TS (2014) The use of phosphoric acid to stiffen asphalt binders, FHWA-HRT-14-086. McLean, Virginia, USA
Athanasiadis K, Horn H, Helmreich B (2010) A field study on the first flush effect of copper roof runoff. Corros Sci 52:21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2009.08.048
Aubert J, Husson B, Vaquier A (2004) Use of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in concrete. Cem Concr Res 34:957–963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.11.002
Aulagnier F, Poissant L, Brunet D et al (2008) Pesticides measured in air and precipitation in the Yamaska Basin (Québec): occurrence and concentrations in 2004. Sci Total Environ 394:338–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.042
Báez A, Belmont R, García R et al (2007) Chemical composition of rainwater collected at a southwest site of Mexico City, Mexico. Atmos Res 86:61–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.03.005
Bandow N, Jürgens F, Schoknecht U (2018) Beregnete Bauteile und Bauprodukte: Entwicklung von Vergabekriterien für den Blauen Engel mit Hilfe von Auslaugtests. Berlin
Becouze-Lareure C, Dembélé A, Coquery M et al (2019) Assessment of 34 dissolved and particulate organic and metallic micropollutants discharged at the outlet of two contrasted urban catchments. Sci Total Environ 651:1810–1818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.042
Belghazi A, Bohm S, Sullivan JH, Worsley DA (2002) Zinc runoff from organically coated galvanised architectural steel. Corros Sci 44:1639–1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(01)00176-7
Berdahl P, Akbari H, Levinson R, Miller WA (2008) Weathering of roofing materials—an overview. Constr Build Mater 22:423–433
Bertling S, Odnevall Wallinder I, Leygraf C, Berggren Kleja D (2006) Occurrence and fate of corrosion-induced zinc in runoff water from external structures. Sci Total Environ 367:908–923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.01.008
Björklund K (2010) Substance flow analyses of phthalates and nonylphenols in stormwater. Water Sci Technol 62:1154–1160. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.923
Björklund K, Strömvall PMA, Teknik VM (2007) Källor till och fl öden av ftalater och nonylfenoler i Stockholms dagvatten. Stockholm
Blocken B, Carmeliet J (2004) A review of wind-driven rain research in building science. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 92:1079–1130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2004.06.003
Blocken B, Carmeliet J (2006) The influence of the wind-blocking effect by a building on its wind-driven rain exposure. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 94:101–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2005.11.001
Brandt HCCA, De Groot PC (2001) Aqueous leaching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from bitumen and asphalt. Water Res 35:4200–4207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00216-0
Bressy A, Gromaire MC, Lorgeoux C, Chebbo G (2011) Alkylphenols in atmospheric depositions and urban runoff. Water Sci Technol 63:671–679. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.121
Brown JN, Peake BM (2006) Sources of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stormwater runoff. Sci Total Environ 359:145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2005.05.016
Brudler S, Rygaard M, Arnbjerg-Nielsen K et al (2019) Pollution levels of stormwater discharges and resulting environmental impacts. Sci Total Environ 663:754–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.388
Bucheli TD, Müller SR, Voegelin A, Schwarzenbach RP (1998) Bituminous roof sealing membranes as major sources of the herbicide (R, S)-mecoprop in roof runoff waters: Potential contamination of groundwater and surface waters. Environ Sci Technol 32:3465–3471. https://doi.org/10.1021/es980318f
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (2012) Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: nitrate. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg
CEN (2014) CEN/TS 16637-2: Construction products - Assessment of release of dangerous substances - Part 2: Horizontal dynamic surface leaching test. 58
CEN (2018) CEN/TS 16637-1: Construction products - Assessment of release of dangerous substances - Part 1: Guidance for the determination of leaching tests and additional testing steps. 50
Cetin B, Odabasi M, Bayram A (2016) Wet deposition of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Izmir, Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:9227–9236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6183-6
Chang M, Crowley CM (1993) Preliminary Observations on Water Quality of Storm Runoff From Four Selected Residential Roofs. J Am Water Resour Assoc 29:777–783. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03237.x
Chang MT, McBroom MW, Beasley RS (2004) Roofing as a source of nonpoint water pollution. J Environ Manag 73:307–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.06.014
Charters FJ, Cochrane TA, O’Sullivan AD (2016) Untreated runoff quality from roof and road surfaces in a low intensity rainfall climate. Sci Total Environ 550:265–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.093
Chowdhury S, Mazumder MAJ, Al-Attas O, Husain T (2016) Heavy metals in drinking water: occurrences, implications, and future needs in developing countries. Sci Total Environ 569–570:476–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2016.06.166
Chubaka CE, Whiley H, Edwards JW, Ross KE (2018) Lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium content of water from South Australian rainwater tanks. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071551
Clark SE, Steele KA, Spicher J et al (2008) Roofing materials’ contributions to storm-water runoff pollution. J Irrig Drain Eng 134:638–645. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2008)134:5(638)
Clausen PA, Liu Z, Kofoed-Sørensen V et al (2012) Influence of temperature on the emission of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from PVC flooring in the emission Cell FLEC. Environ Sci Technol 46:909–915. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2035625
Coronado M, Segadães AM, Andrés A (2015) Using mixture design of experiments to assess the environmental impact of clay-based structural ceramics containing foundry wastes. J Hazard Mater 299:529–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2015.07.010
Cui L, Shi J (2012) Urbanization and its environmental effects in Shanghai, China. Urban Clim 2:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2012.10.008
Cupido A, Baetz B, Guo Y, Robertson A (2012) An evaluation of rainwater runoff quality from selected white roof membranes. Water Qual Res J Canada 47:66–79. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2012.011
Deffontis S, Breton A, Vialle C et al (2013) Impact of dry weather discharges on annual pollution from a separate storm sewer in Toulouse, France. Sci Total Environ 452–453:394–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.014
Delhomme O, Morville S, Millet M (2010) Seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric concentrations of phenols and nitrophenols measured in the Strasbourg area, France. Atmos Pollut Res 1:16–22. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2010.003
Despins C, Farahbakhsh K, Leidl C (2009) Assessment of rainwater quality from rainwater harvesting systems in Ontario, Canada. J Water Supply Res Technol AQUA 58:117–134. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2009.013
Diblasi CJ, Li H, Davis AP, Ghosh U (2009) Removal and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants in an urban stormwater bioretention facility. Environ Sci Technol 43:494–502. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802090g
Djukić A, Lekić B, Rajaković-Ognjanović V et al (2016) Further insight into the mechanism of heavy metals partitioning in stormwater runoff. J Environ Manag 168:104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.035
Douben PET (2003) PAHs: an ecotoxicological perspective. Wiley, Sharnbrook Bedford
Edser C (2017) Global demand for plasticizers continues to rise. Addit Polym 2017:10–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-3747(17)30137-9
Egodawatta P, Thomas E, Goonetilleke A (2009) Understanding the physical processes of pollutant build-up and wash-off on roof surfaces. Sci Total Environ 407:1834–1841. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2008.12.027
Engelsen CJ, van der Sloot HA, Wibetoe G et al (2009) Release of major elements from recycled concrete aggregates and geochemical modelling. Cem Concr Res 39:446–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2009.02.001
Espinosa N, Zimmermann YS, Dos Reis Benatto GA et al (2016) Outdoor fate and environmental impact of polymer solar cells through leaching and emission to rainwater and soil. Energy Environ Sci 9:1674–1680. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ee00578k
Eurobitume, Asphalt institute (2015) The Bitumen Industry—a Global Perspective: Production, Chemistry, Use, Specification and occupational exposure, IS-230, Third edit
European Parliament and Council of the European Union (1994) Directive 94/60/EC of 20 December 1994 amending for the 14th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations. Off J Eur Communities 37:1–9
European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2006) Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC. Off J Eur Union 49:1–849
Farreny R, Morales-Pinzón T, Guisasola A et al (2011) Roof selection for rainwater harvesting: quantity and quality assessments in Spain. Water Res 45:3245–3254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.036
Ferrand EA (2015) Rainwater harvesting as an effective climate change adaptation strategy in rural and urban settings. In: Shrestha S, Anal AK, Salam PA, van der Valk M (eds) Managing water resources under climate uncertainty. Springer, Cham
Ferrari C, Santunione G, Libbra A et al (2015) Review on the influence of biological deterioration on the surface properties of building materials: organisms, materials, and methods. Int J Des Nat Ecodyn 10:21–39. https://doi.org/10.2495/DNE-V10-N1-21-39
Figgis B, Guo B, Javed W et al (2018) Dominant environmental parameters for dust deposition and resuspension in desert climates. Aerosol Sci Technol 52:788–798. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2018.1462473
Förster J (1996) Patterns of roof runoff contamination and their potential implications on practice and regulation of treatment and local infiltration. Water Sci Technol 33:39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1223(96)00329-0
Gaga EO, Tuncel G, Tuncel SG (2009) Sources and wet deposition fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an urban site 1000 meters high in central Anatolia (Turkey). Environ Forensics 10:286–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275920903347594
Gardner (2019) SDS & data sheets—cool roof coatings and repairs, waterproofing and wall repair interior/exterior. https://gardnercoatings.com/pages/sds-data-sheets-1#4. Accessed 1 Oct 2019
Gasperi J, Sebastian C, Ruban V et al (2014) Micropollutants in urban stormwater: occurrence, concentrations, and atmospheric contributions for a wide range of contaminants in three French catchments. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:5267–5281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2396-0
Gaylarde C, Ribas Silva M, Warscheid T (2003) Microbial impact on building materials: an overview. Mater Struct 36:342–352. https://doi.org/10.1617/13867
Göbel P, Dierkes C, Coldewey WG (2007) Storm water runoff concentration matrix for urban areas. J Contam Hydrol 91:26–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.08.008
Gromaire MC, Garnaud S, Saad M, Chebbo G (2001) Contribution of different sources to the pollution of wet weather flows in combined sewers. Water Res 35:521–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00261-X
Gromaire M, Lamprea-bretaudeau K, Mirande C, et al (2014) Organic micropollutants in roof runoff—a study of the emission/retention potential of green roofs. In: 13th International conference on urban drainage, Kuching, Malaysia, 7−12 September 2014, pp 1–8
Gromaire MC, Van de Voorde A, Lorgeoux C, Chebbo G (2015) Benzalkonium runoff from roofs treated with biocide products—in situ pilot-scale study. Water Res 81:279–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.060
Gunawardena J, Egodawatta P, Ayoko GA, Goonetilleke A (2013) Atmospheric deposition as a source of heavy metals in urban stormwater. Atmos Environ 68:235–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.062
Gwenzi W, Dunjana N, Pisa C et al (2015) Water quality and public health risks associated with roof rainwater harvesting systems for potable supply: review and perspectives. Sustain Water Qual Ecol 6:107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swaqe.2015.01.006
Harmens H, Norris DA, Steinnes E et al (2010) Mosses as biomonitors of atmospheric heavy metal deposition: spatial patterns and temporal trends in Europe. Environ Pollut 158:3144–3156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.039
Hartwich P, Vollpracht A (2017) Influence of leachate composition on the leaching behaviour of concrete. Cem Concr Res 100:423–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.07.002
He W, Wallinder IO, Leygraf C (2000) A comparison between corrosion rates and runoff rates from new and aged copper and zinc as roofing material. Water Air Soil Pollut Focus 1:67–82
He W, Wallinder IO, Leygraf C (2001) A laboratory study of copper and zinc runoff during first flush and steady-state conditions. Corros Sci 43:127–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00066-4
European Environment Agency (2019) Heavy metal emissions. In: EEA Indic. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/eea32-heavy-metal-hm-emissions-1/assessment-10. Accessed 1 Feb 2020
Hedberg YS, Goidanich S, Herting G, Odnevall Wallinder I (2015) Surface-rain interactions: Differences in copper runoff for copper sheet of different inclination, orientation, and atmospheric exposure conditions. Environ Pollut 196:363–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.003
Heijerick DG, Janssen CR, Karlèn C et al (2002) Bioavailability of zinc in runoff water from roofing materials. Chemosphere 47:1073–1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00014-0
Hillier SR, Sangha CM, Plunkett BA, Walden PJ (1999) Long-term leaching of toxic trace metals from Portland cement concrete. Cem Concr Res 29:515–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00200-2
Horváth A, Buzás K (2013) Zinc and copper in roof runoff. Water Sci Technol 67:1734–1739. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.044
Horváth A, Clement A (2013) What can rainwater dissolve from bitumen shingle roof materials? Int J Eng Res Appl 3:194–199
Hou J, Bian L, Li T (2013) Characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in impervious surface run-off in an urban area in Shanghai, China. J Zhejiang Univ Sci A 14:751–759. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.a1300155
Hu GP, Balasubramanian R (2003) Wet deposition of trace metals in Singapore. Water Air Soil Pollut 144:285–300. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022921418383
IARC (2013) Bitumens and bitumen emission and some N- and S-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 103:1–342
IARC (2019) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans—list of classifications. In: IARC Monogr. Vol. 1–124. https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications/. Accessed 9 Sep 2019
Jacobson MZ, Ten Hoeve JE (2012) Effects of urban surfaces and white roofs on global and regional climate. J Clim 25:1028–1044. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00032.1
Joshi UM, Balasubramanian R (2010) Characteristics and environmental mobility of trace elements in urban runoff. Chemosphere 80:310–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.059
Jungnickel C, Stock F, Brandsch T, Ranke J (2008) Risk assessment of biocides in roof paint: part 1: experimental determination and modelling of biocide leaching from roof paint. Environ Sci Pollut Res 15:258–265. https://doi.org/10.1065/espr2007.12.465
Kalmykova Y, Björklund K, Strömvall AM, Blom L (2013) Partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and phthalates in landfill leachates and stormwater. Water Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.054
Karlén C, Odnevall Wallinder I, Heijerick D et al (2001) Runoff rates and ecotoxicity of zinc induced by atmospheric corrosion. Sci Total Environ 277:169–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00872-X
Karlén C, Odnevall Wallinder I, Heijerick D, Leygraf C (2002) Runoff rates, chemical speciation and bioavailability of copper released from naturally patinated copper. Environ Pollut 120:691–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00179-3
Karthikeyan S, Balasubramanian R, Iouri K (2006) Particulate air pollution from bushfires: human exposure and possible health effects. J Toxicol Environ Heal Part A 69:1895–1908. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390600751264
Kastner J, Cooper DG, Marić M et al (2012) Aqueous leaching of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and “green” plasticizers from poly(vinyl chloride). Sci Total Environ 432:357–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.014
Kingett Mitchell and Associates (2003) A study of roof runoff quality in Auckland, New Zealand: implications for stormwater management
Kiss G, Gelencsér A, Krivácsy Z, Varga B (2001) The seasonal changes in the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the precipitation and aerosol near Lake Balaton, Hungary. Environ Pollut 114:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00208-6
Knauer K, Homazava N, Junghans M, Wernerz I (2017) The influence of particles on bioavailability and toxicity of pesticides in surface water. Integr Environ Assess Manag 13:585–600. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1867
Kosson DS, Garrabrants AC, Thorneloe S, et al (2017) Leaching environmental assessment framework (LEAF) how-to guide understanding the LEAF approach and how and when to use it
Kriech AJ, Kurek JT, Osborn LV et al (2002) Determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds in asphalt and in corresponding leachate water. Polycycl Aromat Compd 22:517–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406630213561
LaBarre WJ, Ownby DR, Lev SM et al (2016) Attenuation of copper in runoff from copper roofing materials by two stormwater control measures. Water Res 88:207–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.009
Ladislas S, El-Mufleh A, Gérente C et al (2012) Potential of aquatic macrophytes as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in urban stormwater runoff. Water Air Soil Pollut 223:877–888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-011-0909-3
Lamprea K, Ruban V (2008) Micro pollutants in atmospheric deposition , roof runoff and storm water runoff of a suburban Catchment in Nantes, France. In: 11th International conference on urban drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 2008. Edinburgh, chotland, UK, pp 1–8
Lamprea K, Ruban V (2011a) Pollutant concentrations and fluxes in both stormwater and wastewater at the outlet of two urban watersheds in Nantes (France). Urban Water J 8:219–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2011.596211
Lamprea K, Ruban V (2011b) Characterization of atmospheric deposition and runoff water in a small suburban catchment. Environ Technol 32:1141–1149. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2010.528045
Lebow S (2007) Preservative Treatments for Building Components. In: Wood Protection 2006. March 21–23, 2006. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Madison, WI, pp 57–64
Lee JY, Bak G, Han M (2012) Quality of roof-harvested rainwater—comparison of different roofing materials. Environ Pollut 162:422–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.005
Li Z, Li X, Wang Y, Quiring SM (2019) Impact of climate change on precipitation patterns in Houston, Texas, USA. Anthropocene 25:100193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2019.100193
Lichtenberg S (2000) Proactive management of uncertainty using the successive principle: a practical way to manage opportunities and risk. Polyteknisk Press, Lyngby
Lin K, Wang K, Tzeng B, Lin C (2003) The reuse of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash slag as a cement substitute. Resour Conserv Recycl 39:315–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(02)00172-6
Liu J, Niyogi D (2019) Meta-analysis of urbanization impact on rainfall modification. Sci Rep 9:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42494-2
Mackay D, Shiu WY, Ma K, Lee SC (2006) Properties and environmental fate second edition introduction and hydrocarbons. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton
Magyar MI, Ladson AR, Diaper C, Mitchell VG (2014) Influence of roofing materials and lead flashing on rainwater tank contamination by metals. Australas J Water Resour 18:71–83. https://doi.org/10.7158/W13-003.2014.18.1
Markarian J (2007) PVC additives—what lies ahead? Plast Addit Compd 9:22–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-391X(07)70153-8
Markiewicz A, Björklund K, Eriksson E et al (2017) Emissions of organic pollutants from traffic and roads: priority pollutants selection and substance flow analysis. Sci Total Environ 580:1162–1174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.074
McIntyre JK, Winters N, Rozmyn L et al (2019) Metals leaching from common residential and commercial roofing materials across four years of weathering and implications for environmental loading. Environ Pollut 255:113262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113262
Meera V, Mansoor Ahammed M (2006) Water quality of rooftop rainwater harvesting systems: a review. J Water Supply Res Technol AQUA 55:257–268. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2006.008
Melidis P, Akratos CS, Tsihrintzis VA, Trikilidou E (2007) Characterization of rain and roof drainage water quality in Xanthi, Greece. Environ Monit Assess 127:15–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9254-1
Melymuk L, Robson M, Diamond ML et al (2011) Wet deposition loadings of organic contaminants to Lake Ontario: assessing the influence of precipitation from urban and rural sites. Atmos Environ 45:5042–5049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.007
Mendez CB, Afshar BR, Kinney K et al (2010) Effect of roof material on water quality for rainwater harvesting systems. Texas Water Development Board, Austin
Mendez CB, Bae S, Chambers B et al (2011) Effect of roof material on water quality for rainwater harvesting systems–additional physical, chemical, and microbiological data, Austin, Texas
Moilleron R, Gonzalez A, Chebbo G, Thévenot DR (2002) Determination of aliphatic hydrocarbons in urban runoff samples from the “Le Marais” experimental catchment in Paris centre. Water Res 36:1275–1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00322-0
Mostoni M, Credico et al (2019) Zinc-based curing activators: new trends for reducing zinc content in rubber vulcanization process. Catalysts 9:664. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9080664
Motelay-Massei A, Garban B, Tiphagne-larcher K et al (2006) Mass balance for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban watershed of Le Havre (France): transport and fate of PAHs from the atmosphere to the outlet. Water Res 40:1995–2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.03.015
Mousa MI, Mahdy MG, Abdel-Reheem AH, Yehia AZ (2015) Physical properties of self-curing concrete (SCUC). HBRC J 11:167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2014.05.001
Müller A, Österlund H, Nordqvist K et al (2019) Building surface materials as sources of micropollutants in building runoff: a pilot study. Sci Total Environ 680:190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.088
Müller A, Österlund H, Marsalek J, Viklander M (2020) The pollution conveyed by urban runoff: a review of sources. Sci Total Environ 709:136125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136125
National Coatings (2019) SDS and PDS Library for Roof coatings. https://www.nationalcoatings.com/tech-center/resources/sds-pds-library. Accessed 1 Oct 2019
Newton S, Bidleman T, Bergknut M et al (2014) Atmospheric deposition of persistent organic pollutants and chemicals of emerging concern at two sites in northern Sweden. Environ Sci Process Impacts 16:298. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00590a
Nicholson N, Clark SE, Long BV et al (2010) Rainwater harvesting from roofs for non-potable reuse. In: Low impact development 2010. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, pp 21–30
Nwaugo VO, Alozie C, Azubuine EC, Eze MU (2012) Effects of roofing materials and age on the rainwater quality in oil producing community, Egbema, Rivers State, Nigeria. Abia State Univ J Environ Sci Technol 2:244–252
O’Driscoll K, Robinson J, Chiang WS et al (2016) The environmental fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in western Taiwan and coastal waters: evaluation with a fugacity-based model. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:13222–13234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6428-4
Odnevall Wallinder I, Leygraf C, Karlén C et al (2001) Atmospheric corrosion of zinc-based materials: runoff rates, chemical speciation and ecotoxicity effects. Corros Sci 43:809–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00136-0
Oehlmann J, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Kloas W et al (2009) A critical analysis of the biological impacts of plasticizers on wildlife. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 364:2047–2062. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0242
Ollivon D, Blanchoud H, Motelay-Massei A, Garban B (2002) Atmospheric deposition of PAHs to an urban site, Paris, France. Atmos Environ 36:2891–2900. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00089-4
Özsoy T, Örnektekin S (2009) Trace elements in urban and suburban rainfall, Mersin, Northeastern Mediterranean. Atmos Res 94:203–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.05.017
Pacyna EG, Pacyna JM, Fudala J et al (2007) Current and future emissions of selected heavy metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in Europe. Atmos Environ 41:8557–8566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.040
Pacyna JM, Pacyna EG, Aas W (2009) Changes of emissions and atmospheric deposition of mercury, lead, and cadmium. Atmos Environ 43:117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.066
Peijnenburg WJGM (2008) Phthalates. In: Encyclopedia of ecology. Elsevier, pp 2733–2738
Persson D, Kucera V (2001) Release of metals from buildings, constructions and products during atmospheric exposure in Stockholm. Water Air Soil Pollut 1:133–150
Pesticide Action Network (2019) Pan International Consolidated List of Banned Pesticides. http://pan-international.org/pan-international-consolidated-list-of-banned-pesticides/. Accessed 1 Feb 2020
Petrucci G, Gromaire M-C, Shorshani MF, Chebbo G (2014) Nonpoint source pollution of urban stormwater runoff: a methodology for source analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:10225–10242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2845-4
Polkowska Z (2004) Examining the effect of the type of roofing on pollutant content in roof runoff waters from buildings in selected districts of the city of Gdańsk. Polish J Environ Stud 13:191–201
Polkowska Z, Tobiszewski M, Górecki T, Namiénik J (2009) Pesticides in rain and roof runoff waters from an urban region. Urban Water J 6:441–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/15730620902972405
Polyakova OV, Artaev VB, Lebedev AT (2018) Priority and emerging pollutants in the Moscow rain. Sci Total Environ 645:1126–1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.215
Priac A, Morin-Crini N, Druart C et al (2017) Alkylphenol and alkylphenol polyethoxylates in water and wastewater: a review of options for their elimination. Arab J Chem 10:S3749–S3773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.05.011
Puomi P, Fagerholm HM, Rosenholm JB, Jyrkäs K (1999) Comparison of different commercial pretreatment methods for hot-dip galvanized and Galfan coated steel. Surf Coat Technol 115:70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00170-X
Quek UDO, Förster J, Forster J (1993) Trace metals in roof runoff. Water Air Soil Pollut 68:373–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00478464
Rabodonirina S, Net S, Ouddane B et al (2015) Distribution of persistent organic pollutants (PAHs, Me-PAHs, PCBs) in dissolved, particulate and sedimentary phases in freshwater systems. Environ Pollut 206:38–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2015.06.023
European Commission (2003) Directive 2003/2/EC of 6 January 2003 relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of arsenic (tenth adaptation to technical progress to Council Directive 76/769/EEC). 9–11
Robert-Sainte P, Gromaire MC, De Gouvello B et al (2009) Annual metallic flows in roof runoff from different materials: test-bed scale in Paris conurbation. Environ Sci Technol 43:5612–5618. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9002108
Robinson SA, Meindl GA (2019) Potential for leaching of heavy metals and metalloids from crystalline silicon photovoltaic systems. J Nat Resour Dev 9:19–24. https://doi.org/10.5027/jnrd.v9i0.02
Rocher V, Azimi S, Gasperi J et al (2004) Hydrocarbons and metals in atmospheric deposition and roof runoff in central Paris. Water Air Soil Pollut 159:67–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WATE.0000049165.12410.98
Rose LS, Akbari H, Taha H (2003) Characterizing the fabric of the urban environment: a case study of Greater Houston, Texas, Berkeley, CA
Ruban V, Lamprea K, Deneele D (2010) Characterisation of atmospheric deposition and runoff water from a small suburban catchment. Novatech 2010:1–10
Sae-oui P, Sirisinha C, Thepsuwan U, Thapthong P (2007) Influence of accelerator type on properties of NR/EPDM blends. Polym Test 26:1062–1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2007.07.004
Sánchez AS, Cohim E, Kalid RA (2015) A review on physicochemical and microbiological contamination of roof-harvested rainwater in urban areas. Sustain Water Qual Ecol 6:119–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swaqe.2015.04.002
Sanjeeva A, Puttaswamaiah SG (2018) Influence of atmospheric deposition and roof materials on harvested rainwater quality. J Environ Eng 144:04018121. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001460
Scheyer A, Morville S, Mirabel P, Millet M (2007) Pesticides analysed in rainwater in Alsace region (Eastern France): comparison between urban and rural sites. Atmos Environ 41:7241–7252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.025
Schoknecht U, Töpfer A, Uhlig S, Baldauf H (2012) Characterization of leaching of biocidal active substances of main group 2 “preservatives” from different materials under weathering conditions - (UBA-FB) 001641/E. Berlin
Schorcht F, Kourti I, Scalet BM, Roudier S (2013) Best available techniques (BAT) reference document for the production of cement. Lime and Magnesium Oxide, Luxembourg
Schriewer A, Horn H, Helmreich B (2008) Time focused measurements of roof runoff quality. Corros Sci 50:384–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2007.08.011
Scribot C, Maherzi W, Benzerzour M et al (2018) A laboratory-scale experimental investigation on the reuse of a modified red mud in ceramic materials production. Constr Build Mater 163:21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.092
Sebastian C (2013) Bassin de retenue des eaux pluviales en milieu urbain: performance en matière de piégeage des micropolluants. INSA de Lyon
Shen G, Preston W, Ebersviller SM et al (2017) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fine particulate matter emitted from burning kerosene, liquid petroleum gas, and wood fuels in household cookstoves. Energy Fuels 31:3081–3090. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02641
Singh VK, Khatri SD, Singh RK (2002) Hydration and some other properties of polyethylene glycol modified cement products. Trans Indian Ceram Soc 61:152–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/0371750X.2002.10800054
Singh PK, Yaduvanshi BK, Patel S, Ray S (2013) SCS-CN based quantification of potential of rooftop catchments and computation of ASRC for rainwater harvesting. Water Resour Manag 27:2001–2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-013-0267-6
Spear MJ (2015) Preservation, protection and modification of wood composites. In: Ansell MP (ed) Wood composites. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, pp 253–310
Spence JW, Lipfert FW, Katz S (1993) The effect of specimen size, shape, and orientation on dry deposition to galvanized steel surfaces. Atmos Environ Part A Gen Top 27:2327–2336. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90401-J
Staples CA, Adams WJ, Parkerton TF et al (1997) Aquatic toxicity of eighteen phthalate esters. Environ Toxicol Chem 16:875–891
Sulaiman FR, Brimblecombe P, Grossi CM (2014) Mobilisation of trace elements on roofing tiles. Indoor Built Environ 25:329–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X14549266
Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2012) Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment. In: Luch A (ed) Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology: volume 3: environmental toxicology. Springer, Basel, pp 133–164
Teil M-J, Blanchard M, Chevreuil M (2004) Atmospheric deposition of organochlorines (PCBs and pesticides) in northern France. Chemosphere 55:501–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.11.064
Tobiszewski M, Polkowska Z, Konieczka P, Namieśnik J (2010) Roofing materials as pollution emitters–concentration changes during runoff. Polish J Environ Stud 19:1019–1028
Togerö Å (2006) Leaching of hazardous substances from additives and admixtures in concrete. Environ Eng Sci 23:102–117. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2006.23.102
Townsend T, Stook K, Ward M, Solo-Gabriele HM (2003) Leaching and toxicity of CCA-treated and alternative-treated wood products, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Trenberth KE (2011) Changes in precipitation with climate change. Clim Res 47:123–138. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00953
United Nations (2019) World urbanization prospects: the 2018 revision. New York
United Nations (2020) World economic situation prospects. New York
US CPSC (2011) CCA-pressure treated wood guidance for outdoor wooden structures. Environ Prot Agency
US EPA (2008) Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Creosote (Case 0139). 2008:99
US EPA (2010) Nonylphenol (NP) and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates (NPEs) Action Plan
US EPA (2012) Phthalates Action Plan
US EPA (2017) Overview of Wood Preservative Chemicals | Ingredients Used in Pesticide Products | US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/overview-wood-preservative-chemicals. Accessed 30 Sep 2020
US EPA (2019) ECOTOXicology knowledgebase (ECOTOX). https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/. Accessed 9 Sep 2019
US EPA. Overview of Wood Preservative Chemicals. In: Ingredients Used Pestic. Prod. https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/overview-wood-preservative-chemicals. Accessed 17 Jul 2019
Uygur N, Karaca F, Alagha O (2010) Prediction of sources of metal pollution in rainwater in Istanbul, Turkey using factor analysis and long-range transport models. Atmos Res 95:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.08.007
van der Sloot HA (2002) Characterization of the leaching behaviour of concrete mortars and of cement–stabilized wastes with different waste loading for long term environmental assessment. Waste Manag 22:181–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(01)00067-8
van der Sloot HA, Dijkstra JJ (2004) Development of horizontally standardized leaching tests for construction materials: a material based or release based approach? Identical leaching mechanisms for different materials
Van Metre PC, Mahler BJ (2003) The contribution of particles washed from rooftops to contaminant loading to urban streams. Chemosphere 52:1727–1741. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00454-5
Varanda C, Portugal I, Ribeiro J et al (2016) Influence of polyphosphoric acid on the consistency and composition of formulated bitumen: standard characterization and NMR insights. J Anal Methods Chem. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2915467
Verbruggen EMJ (2012) Environmental risk limits for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): For direct aquatic, benthic, and terrestrial toxicity
Vialle C, Sablayrolles C, Lovera M et al (2010) Evaluation of a household rooftop rainwater harvesting system in France: qualitative and quantitative monitoring of water used for authorised applications—First results. In: Novatech 2010–7th international conference on sustainable techniques and strategies for urban water management, Lyon, France, pp 1–7
Vignati DAL, Valsecchi S, Polesello S et al (2009) Pollutant partitioning for monitoring surface waters. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 28:159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRAC.2008.10.013
Wallinder IO, Verbiest P, He W, Leygraf C (2000) Effects of exposure direction and inclination of the runoff rates of zinc and copper roofs. Corros Sci 42:1471–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(99)00145-6
Wallinder IO, Lu J, Bertling S, Leygraf C (2002) Release rates of chromium and nickel from 304 and 316 stainless steel during urban atmospheric exposure—a combined field and laboratory study. Corros Sci 44:2303–2319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(02)00054-9
Wei G-LL, Li D-QQ, Zhuo M-NN et al (2015) Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers: Sources, occurrence, toxicity and human exposure. Environ Pollut 196:29–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2014.09.012
WHO (2003) Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Geneva
WHO (2011) Hardness in drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Geneva
WHO (2017) Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. Geneva
WHO (2018) Malaria country profiles. https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/country-profiles/en/. Accessed 19 Feb 2020
WHO (2019) Guidelines for Malaria Vector Control. Geneva
WHO, RBM, UNICEF, et al (2004) Sources and Prices of Selected Products for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria
Wicke D, Cochrane TA, O’Sullivan AD et al (2014) Effect of age and rainfall pH on contaminant yields from metal roofs. Water Sci Technol 69:2166–2173. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.124
Winters NL, Graunke K (2014) Roofing materials assessment: investigation of toxic chemicals in roof runoff
Winters N, Granuke K, McCall M (2015) Roofing materials assessment: investigation of five metals in runoff from roofing materials. Water Environ Res 87:835–844. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143015x14362865226437
Yaziz MI, Gunting H, Sapari N, Ghazali AW (1989) Variations in rainwater quality from roof catchments. Water Res 23:761–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(89)90211-X
Zapf-Gottwick R, Koch M, Fischer K et al (2015) Leaching hazardous substances out of photovoltaic modules. Int J Adv Appl Phys Res 2:7–14. https://doi.org/10.15379/2408-977X.2015.02.02.2
Zgheib S, Moilleron R, Saad M, Chebbo G (2011) Partition of pollution between dissolved and particulate phases: what about emerging substances in urban stormwater catchments? Water Res 45:913–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.032
Zgheib S, Moilleron R, Chebbo G (2012) Priority pollutants in urban stormwater: Part 1—case of separate storm sewers. Water Res 46:6683–6692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.012
Zhang QQ, Wang XK, Hou PQ et al (2014) Quality and seasonal variation of rainwater harvested from concrete, asphalt, ceramic tile and green roofs in Chongqing, China. J Environ Manag 132:178–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.009
Zobrist J, Müller SR, Ammann A et al (2000) Quality of roof runoff for groundwater infiltration. Water Res 34:1455–1462. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00290-0
Acknowledgements
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Not applicable.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
De Buyck, PJ., Van Hulle, S.W.H., Dumoulin, A. et al. Roof runoff contamination: a review on pollutant nature, material leaching and deposition. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 20, 549–606 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-021-09567-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-021-09567-z