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Global Profiling of Protein Lysine Malonylation in Eucommia ulmoides Leaves Reveals Its Role in Photosynthesis and Metabolism

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Abstract

The modification of proteins by malonylation plays an important regulatory role in multiple biological processes. Protein malonylation is the reversible addition of malonyl groups to lysine residues to regulate protein localization, enzyme activity, protein stability, and many other biochemical processes. However, little information was available on the malonylation of lysine in Eucommia ulmoides, an important traditional Chinese herb with multiple active substances. In this study, we analyzed the malonylation of lysine to determine the potential regulatory role of lysine malonylation in the growth and development of E. ulmoides using LC–MS/MS combined with immune-based purification. A total of 388 lysine malonylation sites distributed in 256 proteins were identified. A gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the proteins in which lysine is malonylated are related to a wide range of cellular functions ranging from metabolic processes to responses to stimuli. A bioinformatic analysis showed that malonylated proteins are primarily distributed in the chloroplast (108 proteins, 42.19%), cytoplasm (90 proteins, 35.16%), and nucleus (27 proteins, 10.55%). They are primarily involved in energy metabolism, including photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, glycolysis, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Our research suggests that the malonylation of lysine is necessary for the life cycle of plants, which are primarily involved in the process of converting solar energy to biomass energy that is stored and converting the energy stored by plants into energy (ATP) available for direct use in E. ulmoides. To our knowledge, this is the first posttranslational malonylation modification of E. ulmoides proteins, which was conducted simultaneously to explore the mechanism of modification groups in protein functions, protein interactions, and biological metabolism, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the production and breeding of E. ulmoides.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Guizhou Provincial Tea Industry Technology Innovation Center [Qianke Zhongyindi [2017] 4005]; Key technology research on tea quality improvement of albino, yellowed, and purple tea varieties [Qiankehe platform talents [2019] 5651].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China

    Xinzhuan Yao, Chao Shen & Litang Lu

  2. The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region Ministry of Education, Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China

    Baohui Zhang, Degang Zhao & Litang Lu

Authors
  1. Xinzhuan Yao
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  2. Chao Shen
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  3. Baohui Zhang
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  4. Degang Zhao
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  5. Litang Lu
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Contributions

Lu guided this research. Yao and Chen prepared the samples. Yao analyzed the data and manuscript. Chen and Zhang will draw pictures. Lu and Zhao drafted and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Litang Lu.

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Key Message

• This is the first report on the malonylation of lysine in Eucommia ulmoides, and it will also provide a research basis to reveal photosynthesis and the diverse metabolic processes of the malonylation of lysine in lifecycle of plants

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Yao, X., Shen, C., Zhang, B. et al. Global Profiling of Protein Lysine Malonylation in Eucommia ulmoides Leaves Reveals Its Role in Photosynthesis and Metabolism. Plant Mol Biol Rep 40, 296–309 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-021-01319-1

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