Abstract
Irrigated ‘aerobic rice’ is a new system being developed for lowland areas with water shortage and for favorable upland areas with access to supplementary irrigation. It entails the cultivation of nutrient-responsive cultivars in nonsaturated soil with sufficient external inputs to reach yields of 70–80% of high-input flooded rice. To obtain insights into crop performance, water use, and N use of aerobic rice, a field experiment was conducted in the dry seasons of 2002 and 2003 in the Philippines. Cultivar Apo was grown under flooded and aerobic conditions at 0 and at 150 kg fertilizer N ha−1. The aerobic fields were flush irrigated when the soil water potential at 15-cm depth reached −30 kPa. A 15N isotope study was carried out in microplots within the 150-N plots to determine the fate of applied N. The yield under aerobic conditions with 150 kg N ha−1 was 6.3 t ha−1 in 2002 and 4.2 t ha−1 in 2003, and the irrigation water input was 778 mm in 2002 and 826 mm in 2003. Compared with flooded conditions, the yield was 15 and 39% lower, and the irrigation water use 36 and 41% lower in aerobic plots in 2002 and 2003, respectively. N content at 150 kg N ha−1 in leaves and total plant was nearly the same for aerobic and flooded conditions, indicating that crop growth under aerobic conditions was limited by water deficit and not by N deficit. Under aerobic conditions, average fertilizer N recovery was 22% in both the main field and the microplot, whereas under flooded conditions, it was 49% in the main field and 36% in the microplot. Under both flooded and aerobic conditions, the fraction of 15N that was determined in the soil after the growing season was 23%. Since nitrate contents in leachate water were negligible, we hypothesized that the N unaccounted for were gaseous losses. The N unaccounted for was higher under aerobic conditions than under flooded conditions. For aerobic rice, trials are suggested for optimizing dose and timing of N fertilizer. Also further improvements in water regime should be made to reduce crop water stress.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P Belder B A M Bouman R Cabangon G Lu E J P Quilang Y Li J H J Spiertz T P Tuong (2004) ArticleTitleEffect of water-saving irrigation on rice yield and water use in typical lowland conditions in Asia Agr. Water Manage. 65 193–210 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.agwat.2003.09.002
F J Bergersen (1980) Measurement of nitrogen fixation by direct means F J Bergersen (Eds) Methods for Evaluating Biological Nitrogen Fixation F.J. John Wiley & Sons New York 65–110
C A Beyrouty B C Grigg R J Norman B R Wells (1994) ArticleTitleNutrient uptake by rice in response to water management J. Plant Nutr. 17 IssueID1 39–55 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhs1aku70%3D
Z Bohrerova R Stralkova J Podesvova G Bohrer E Pokorny (2004) ArticleTitleThe relationship between redox potential and nitrification under different sequences of crop rotations Soil Till. Res. 77 25–33 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.still.2003.10.006
B A M Bouman (2001) ArticleTitleWater-efficient management strategies in rice production Int. Rice Res. Notes 26 IssueID2 17–22
B A M Bouman A R Castañeda S I Bhuiyan (2002) ArticleTitleNitrate and pesticide contamination of groundwater under rice-based cropping systems: evidence from the Philippines Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 92 IssueID2–3 185–199 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00297-3 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntVWmtbs%3D
Bouman B A M, Kropff M J, Tuong T P, Wopereis M C S, Ten Berge H F M and Van Laar H H 2001 ORYZA2000: Modeling Lowland Rice. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute, and Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen University and Research Centre. 235 pp.
Bouman B A M, Peng S, Castañeda, A R and Visperas R M 2004 Yield and water use of irrigated tropical aerobic rice systems. Agric. Water Manage, in press.
B A M Bouman T P Tuong (2001) ArticleTitleField water management to save water and increase its productivity in irrigated lowland rice Agric. Water Manage. 49 11–30 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00128-1
K F Bronson F Hussain E Pasuquin J K Ladha (2000) ArticleTitleUse of 15N-labelled soil in measuring nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency in transplanted rice Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64 235–239 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmslyht7k%3D
A Bufogle K B Bollich J L Kovar C W Lindau R E Machiavelli (1997) ArticleTitleMicroplot size and retainer effects on rice growth and nitrogen-15 accumulation Agron. J. 89 567–571
K G Cassman A Dobermann D T Walters (2002) ArticleTitleAgroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen management Ambio 31 IssueID2 132–140 Occurrence Handle12078002
K G Cassman M J Kropff Gaunt S Peng (1993) ArticleTitleNitrogen use efficiency of rice reconsidered: What are the key constraints? Plant Soil 155 IssueID156 359–362 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00025057
S K Datta ParticleDe (1981) Principles and Practices of Rice Production IRRI Los Baños Philippines 618
S K Datta ParticleDe I R P Fillery E T Craswell (1983) ArticleTitleResults from recent studies on nitrogen fertilizer efficiency in wetland rice Outlook Agric. 12 IssueID3 125–134
J Doorenbos W O Pruit (1984) Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 24 Food and Agriculture Organization Rome 144
T George R Magbanua D P Garrity B S Tubaña J Quiton (2002) ArticleTitleRapid yield loss of rice cropped successively in aerobic soil Agron. J. 94 981–989
T George R Magbanua W Roder K Van Keer G Trébuil V Reoma (2001) ArticleTitleUpland rice response to phosphorus fertilization in Asia Agron. J. 93 1362–1370
L C Guerra S I Bhuiyan T P Tuong R Barker (1998) Producing more rice with less water from irrigated systems IWMI/IRRI Colombo, Sri Lanka 24
M J Kropff K G Cassman H H Laar ParticleVan S Peng (1993) ArticleTitleNitrogen and yield potential of irrigated rice Plant Soil 156 391–394 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00025065
H R Lafitte B Courtois M Arraudeau (2002) ArticleTitleGenetic improvement of rice in aerobic systems: progress from yield to genes Field Crop Res. 75 171–190 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0378-4290(02)00025-4
J Lu T Ookawa T Hirasawa (2000) ArticleTitleThe effects of irrigation regimes on the water use, dry matter production and physiological responses of paddy rice Plant Soil 223 207–216 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1004898504550 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnt1yms78%3D
J L Maclean D C Dawe B Hardy G P Hettel (2002) Rice Almanac IRRI Los Baños Philippines 253
J C O’Toole E P Baldia (1982) ArticleTitleWater deficits and mineral uptake in rice Crop Sci. 22 1144–1150 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXovVagtA%3D%3D
O’Toole JC and Garrity DP 1984. Upland rice soil–plant–water relationships. In An Overview of Upland Rice Research. pp. 394–411. IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines.
S Peng K G Cassman (1998) ArticleTitleUpper thresholds of nitrogen uptake rates and associated nitrogen fertilizer efficiencies in irrigated rice Agron. J. 90 178–185
H F Schnier (1994) ArticleTitleNitrogen-15 recovery fraction in flooded tropical rice as affected by added nitrogen interaction Eur. J. Agron. 3 IssueID2 161–167 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXlsFKmsrY%3D
D F Tabbal B A M Bouman S I Bhuiyan E B Sibayan M A Sattar (2002) ArticleTitleOn-farm strategies for reducing water input in irrigated rice: case studies in the Philippines Agric. Water Manage. 56 93–112 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00007-0
Technicon Instruments Corp. 1986 Technicon Bulletin. Tarrytown, New York, USA.
T P Tuong B A M Bouman (2003) Rice production in waterscarce environments J W Kijne R Barker D Molden (Eds) Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvement CABI Publishing UK 53–67
P L G Vlek E T Craswell (1981) ArticleTitleAmmonia volatilization from flooded soils Fert. Res. 2 227–245 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01050196 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL38XosVGisw%3D%3D
L J Wade S T Amarante A Olea D Harnpichitvitaya K Naklang A Wihardjaka S S Sengar M A Mazid G Singh C G McLaren (1999) ArticleTitleNutrient requirements in rainfed lowland rice Field Crops Res. 64 91–107 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00053-2
Wang H Q, Bouman B A M, Zhao D, Wang C G and Moya P F 2002 Aerobic rice in northern China: opportunities and challenges. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Water-wise Rice Production, 8–11 April 2002, Los Baños, Philippines Eds. B A M Bouman, H Hengsdijk, B␣Hardy, P S Bindraban, T P Tuong and J K. Ladha pp. 143–154. International Rice Research Institute
M C S Wopereis M J Kropff A R Maligaya T P Tuong (1996) ArticleTitleDrought-stress responses of two lowland rice cultivars to soil water status Field Crop Res. 46 21–39 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0378-4290(95)00084-4
Yang X G, Wang H Q, Wang Z, Zhao J, Chen B and Bouman B A M 2002 Yield of aerobic rice (Han Dao) under different water regimes in North China. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Water-wise Rice Production, 8–11 April 2002, Los Baños, Philippines. Eds. B A M Bouman, H Hengsdijk, B Hardy, P S Bindraban, T␣P Tuong and J K Ladha. pp. 155–163. International Rice Research Institute.
K W Yu Z P Wang A Vermoesen W H Patrick SuffixJr O Cleemput ParticleVan (2001) ArticleTitleNitrous oxide and methane emissions from different soil suspensions: effect of soil redox status Biol. Fertil Soils 34 25–30 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s003740100350 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXksVyrt7Y%3D
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Belder, P., Bouman, B.A.M., Spiertz, J.H.J. et al. Crop performance, nitrogen and water use in flooded and aerobic rice. Plant Soil 273, 167–182 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-004-7401-4
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-004-7401-4