Detection of preexisting quantum entanglements between dipole–photon discrete observables

We performed measurements of laser beam power polarized in different angles as 0∘\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^\circ $$\end{document}, 45∘\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^\circ $$\end{document} and 90∘\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^\circ $$\end{document} passing close to a symmetric shielded capacitor with parallel plates and through a polaroid filter configured with angles as 0∘\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^\circ $$\end{document}, 45∘\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^\circ $$\end{document} and 90∘\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^\circ $$\end{document}. An unusual light power variation was detected during the charging and discharging of the high voltage capacitor even considering the suppression of known electromagnetic interaction between laser beam and capacitor. The light power variation curves also indicated a typical pattern of charge and discharge of capacitors. The combination of the angles of the laser beam polarization and polaroid filter surprisingly indicated the measurement of correlations between the polarizations of photons and electric dipoles of the capacitor dielectric. These novel results can only be explained supposing the preexisting condition of quantum entanglements between discrete observables of electric dipoles and photons.


Introduction
In relatively recent work, it was reported the hypothesis of the existence of quantum entanglement involving all of the particles in the universe (Buniy and Hsu 2012).As it is well known, the quantum entanglement phenomenon occurs when two particles interact in an arbitrary time, so that after that interaction their quantum states can generally keep information from each other, that is, they become entangled (Zeilinger 1999).Future interactions with other particles make the quantum entanglement becomes wider and the initial two particles system can become a N-body system composed by N quantum entangled particles.So, it is asserted in Ref. Buniy and Hsu (2012) that it is natural from the big bang cosmology that a large number of particles were in equilibrium with each other in 944 Page 2 of 11 the initial formation of our universe due to the uniformity of the cosmic microwave background.So, in a certain manner, any particle would nowadays have its quantum state with information about the other particles in our world.
Starting from those ideas, results obtained from our previous experiments (Porcelli and Filho 2016a, b, 2017, 2018, 2020) in physical systems so different as, for instance, capacitors or piezoelectric ceramics indicated the existence of induction of forces at a distance not explainable by known local forces mediated by carriers, but only explainable by quantum or non-local forces, whose existence has been reported in Ref. Becker et al. (2019) in the context of the study of Aharonov-Bohm effect.We have verified from a lot of evidence in the physical systems previously analyzed that such forces can be related to the existence of a generalized quantum entanglement state (Generalized Quantum Entanglement (GQE) theory) among all of the particles which exist in the physical system, including the devices and the local environment.
To reinforce such a hypothesis, we conceived an experimental setup in which such a type of phenomenon could be verified in a more evident way.By considering that in all the previous physical systems, the evidence of the effect only appeared in some extreme conditions (e.g., the high voltage in the capacitor) we started our studies under such conditions in our experimental setup.The basic idea is to analyze if there is any correlation between a laser beam and a high-voltage capacitor in operation, by measuring the light intensity of the laser beam when it passed through a filter with three different angles.The previous positive results earlier mentioned encouraged us to deepen the study of induction at a distance via GQE and, mainly, in an unprecedented way, to perform measurements of light intensity from discrete quantum states by supposing a possible existence of quantum correlations between photon polarization in the beam and electric dipole polarization in the capacitor.

Experimental work
The first step was the assembly of an experimental setup similar to what we had done before (Porcelli and Filho 2018) where the shape of the profile of a laser beam was changed by induction via GQE caused by a material piezoelectric under high voltage.For our new setup, we used a red laser diode ( = 650 nm) in continuous wave (CW) mode, with optical power 2.5 mW supported in a base for projecting a thin laser beam 1 cm above a capacitor with horizontal parallel plates, externally shielded with an aluminum layer.The capacitor was connected to the ground of the laboratory and it was covered with a non-reflective sheet of paper in order to create a Faraday cage.
After passing above the capacitor, the laser beam passed through a polaroid lens and then finally reached a screen where its spot was filmed.The laser beam with linear polarization projected by the diode was configured with polarizations in the angles of 90 • (vertical direction, the same of the internal electric field in the capacitor), 45 • and 0 • (horizontal direction) similar as the polaroid lens was also configured, that is, at the same angles of 90 • , 45 • and 0 • .A power supply was connected to the capacitor via insulated and shielded cables to apply high DC (continuous) voltage, with magnitudes above 20 kV.In this way, the images of the laser spot videos were systematically analyzed in relation to the change in brightness and shape according to the application of high voltage to the capacitor in four stages: (i) with charging period immediately after turning on the high voltage source; (ii) the discharge period immediately after turning it off the source; (iii) a stable full charge keeping of the high voltage activated for some time; and (iv) full discharge after some time after power off.With these four steps mentioned, the analysis was also performed by combining tests with the laser beam polarization angles (90 • ,45 • ,0 • ) with the polaroid lens polarization angles (90 • ,45 • ,0 • ).In addition, tests were also carried out without the use of the polaroid lens.Surprisingly, image analysis unequivocally indicated a transient change in brightness and shape both during charging and discharging of the capacitor, as shown in Fig. 1.On the right side of Fig. 1, we have the image of the laser spot deformed during the capacitor charging; and on the left side, we have the image in the initial normal state before turning on the capacitor.
The effect verified experimentally prompted us to investigate a possible theoretical explanation related to phenomena associated with the polarization of particles involved in our physical system.It is well known that photons with very high energy -that is, at the level of -rays-can be affected by intense electric fields (Delbrück scattering) (Burke 1997;Papatzacos and Mork 1975;Schumacher 1999), but the photons in the red laser beam used in the experiment have very low energy ( = 650 nm).Delbrück scattering is the coherent elastic scattering or deflection of high-energy photons subjected to Coulomb fields of heavy nuclei due to the vacuum polarization (Burke 1997;Papatzacos and Mork 1975;Schumacher 1999).It is a nonlinear effect which is predicted in quantum electrodynamics.The phenomenon has been observed for energies from the pair production threshold up to 7 GeV with real amplitude for the low-energy limit.For the high-energy limit, the amplitude is purely imaginary.This can be viewed as a shadow scattering process related to the positron-electron pair production while the real case can be interpreted as some refractive index of the Coulomb field (Schumacher 1999).
It is also known that a rotation of the polarization angle of an electromagnetic wave such as a laser beam can occur, but with small values if it is propagating in a medium where an intense magnetic field is applied in its propagation direction (Kruk and Mrózek 2020).Such an effect is called Faraday rotation and it is an important concept in physics, mainly in the areas of electronics and materials science.More precisely, Faraday rotation is a physical magneto-optical phenomenon in which the plane of vibration or polarization of a light beam changes when it absorbs an additional polarized electromagnetic wave in the medium, which can be generated by a magnetic field turned on the local environment.The polarization rotation is proportional to the projection of the magnetic field along the direction of the light propagation (Urs 2016).The effect was for the first time observed by the English scientist Michael Faraday in 1845 when he studied the influence of a magnetic field on plane-polarized light waves (Urs 2016).The effect describes how light beams are rotated as they pass through an obstacle, or absorb other polarized waves such as radio waves.As known, light waves vibrate in two perpendicular planes and when ordinary light goes through certain substances one plane of vibration is eliminated.Faraday discovered that the plane of vibration is rotated when the light path and the direction of the applied magnetic field are parallel.A unique feature of the Faraday effect is that the direction of the rotation is independent of the propagation direction of the light; that is, the rotation is nonreciprocal.The angle of the rotation is a function of the type of material, the magnetic field strength and the length of the Faraday material, and can be expressed as Kruk and Mrózek (2020); Cheng (2003) where V is the Verdet constant of the material, B is the magnetic field strength parallel to the propagation direction of the light wave, and L is the length of the material.The Verdet constant, named after the French physicist Émile Verdet, describes the strength of the Faraday effect for a particular material (Vojna et al. 2019).
From what was previously exposed, we could consider that, in our experimental verifications, the phenomenon observed was due to that effect.However, in our experiment, the magnetic field due to leakage current in the capacitor measured by the ammeter (in the order of A) is extremely weak in both charge and discharge and full charge.Furthermore, the direction of the magnetic field inside the dielectric is not also the same as the direction of propagation of the laser beam.It is also worth remembering that the capacitor was enclosed in a Faraday cage (Faraday 1839) in order to eliminate spurious external electric and electromagnetic fields that could affect the laser beam.As well known from the literature (Munic and Aleksandar 2014; Hewett and Hewitt 2016;Chapman et al. 2015) the mathematics and the experimental verification of Faraday cage effect is very consolidated.Faraday reported his experiments with a mesh cube in 1836 (Faraday 1839) and engineers, physicists and researchers in general have been following this idea up to nowadays, by means of metal shielding to isolate electric systems.In addition, by supposing that the Faraday cage was not enough to shield spurious fields in our experiments, we implemented in some experimental tests an aluminum tube with a non-reflective interior, placed above the shielded capacitor to serve as additional shielding.Figure 2 shows a diagram of the complete experimental setup, including an optical power meter whose sensor was fully illuminated by the laser spot.
The distance between the setup elements was increased to 4 m between the laser diode and the capacitor and 4 m between the capacitor and the final shield (and optical power sensor).The high voltage source was also far away from the capacitor as well as the polaroid lens.All of such a procedure was adopted to eliminate any possibility of electromagnetic interference including in the video camera and in the optical power sensor.But the transient change in laser beam brightness occurred during the charging and discharging of the capacitor in the same way regardless of the distances between the setup elements and even removing the shields.The changes in the spot laser were in fact observed visually, but to reinforce the detection of the effect, a simple electronic circuit was built consisting of an NPN photo-transistor with its collector connected to the +9 Vdc positive pole of the battery and a carbon resistor of 1kΩ and 0.33 W connecting its emitter to the battery (1) = VBL, ground.The setup was made so that the laser beam at the end of the path (after the Polaroid filter) focused on its base.Light power variations were again confirmed by monitoring the voltage variations in the photo-transistor emitter that were in the order of 80 mV around a value of 2.5 V.By monitoring the signal in the emitter of the photo-transistor made by the oscilloscope model Tektronix TBS 1102B, it was possible to confirm that the disturbance in the laser beam during the charging and discharging of the capacitor was not caused by any spurious electromagnetic induction.Such inductions appeared to be very weak noises in the form of transients (peaks in the form of a Dirac function) of a few millivolts in amplitude.Surprisingly, the disturbance in the brightness of the laser beam incident on the base of the photo-transistor during charging and discharging the capacitor with maximum voltages of up to 28.8 kV and whose signal was monitored at the emitter showed the typical waveform of the charge and discharge derivative of the capacitor, that is, very different from the peaks in the form of a Dirac function.Figure 3 shows the signal variation on the photo-transistor, with a waveform captured by the photo-transistor that was induced by the capacitor in the laser beam during its discharge.
In one of the capacitors used in the experiments with a capacitance of 2.5 nF, square parallel electrodes (plates) (.25 m × .25 m), polypropylene (PP) dielectric of 4 mm and r = 2.1, the period of the waveform measured in the photo-transistor was consistent with its discharge time under a decreasing voltage of 28 kV-0 V, that is, 0.6 s.The measurement of the visual variation time of the laser spot brightness and shape through the video also indicated the same period.This corroborates the fact that the state transition of the myriad of electrical dipoles constituting the dielectric of the capacitor during charging or discharging induced a disturbance in the laser beam photons and such an induction was not due to known local forces as the electromagnetism one.To quantitatively understand how the variations in laser beam brightness occurred during charging and discharging the capacitor according to its three polarizations used (90 • ,45 • ,0 • ) and three polarizations (90 • ,45 • ,0 • ) of the polaroid filter, a specific laser power meter model Sanwa LP10 was used.Figure 2 shows the position of the meter device.It was clear that small variations in brightness or optical power in the order of 1 W occurred correlated with the charge or discharge of Fig. 2 Diagram of the experimental setup used in our experiments, in which one can see the high-voltage capacitor, the power supply, the filter, the laser beam and the optical power meter whose sensor was fully illuminated by the laser spot.The diagram shows the entire experimental setup implemented where the path of the laser beam projected by the diode (below) is passing through the shielded capacitor fed by the high voltage source (center) and then through the polaroid filter until reaching the meter at the end of optical power (at the top) 944 Page 6 of 11 the capacitor whose polarization of its internal electrical dipoles in its dielectric ranged between 90 • (vertical) and 0 • (horizontal) and that the number of transient variations also directly depended on the combination of the laser beam polarization at 90 • , 45 • and 0 • and with the polaroid filter polarization at the same angles.

Theory
We can doubtless assert that the measurements with combinations of different polarizations brought to light the reality of the preexisting quantum entanglement between electric dipoles and photons, given that the change in the quantum state of the electric dipoles during the charge and discharge of the capacitor changed the quantum state of the photons without previous interaction between them by means of known local forces, such as the electromagnetic one.Furthermore, the quantum entanglement between discrete eigenstates such as the polarizations of electrical dipoles and polarizations of photons was remarkable.During the charging or discharging period of the capacitor, the electric dipoles were in a quantum transition of their discrete quantum states (UTK Report 2023; Wei and Kais 2010; Grandinetti 2023), which can be represented by a superposition where the state | 0 • d⟩ is the highest potential energy when the dipoles are at a perpendicu- lar angle (0 • d -horizontal direction) to the electric field and the | 90 • d⟩ state is the lowest potential energy when the dipoles are fully aligned (90 • -vertical direction) with respect to the direction of the electric field.c 1 and c 3 are coefficients.The quantum states of the 3 Photo of the signal variation on the photo-transistor used in the experiments.The waveform captured by the measurements device is typical of a pattern signal of capacitors, but it was performed on the laser beam, indicating that even without any previous interaction capacitor-laser beam the photons of the laser reveals a preexistent state of quantum correlation with the capacitor.The image shows the signal captured in the emitter of the photo-transistor illuminated by the laser beam during the capacitor discharge.The oscilloscope was configured with 20 mV per vertical division and 100 ms per horizontal division.The periods of the detected waveforms were consistent with the charging and discharging periods of the capacitor used in the experiment photons of the linearly polarized laser beam can also be represented by a quantum superposition (Jackson 1998;Baym 1969) where the coefficients become c 2 = c 4 = 1∕ √ 2 for polarization of the photons at an angle of 45 • .The states | 0 • p⟩ and | 90 • d⟩ are relative to the photons polarized respectively at the angles of 0 • (horizontal direction) and 90 • (vertical direction).
Considering that the eigenstates are orthonormal in Hilbert space (Dirac 1958), they are on the same standard basis and considering the GQE theory where all existing particles are in a preexisting collective state of quantum entanglement, the Hamiltonian operator Ĥ of the dipole-photon system can be represented according to equation The last two terms Ĥde and Ĥpe are respectively the Hamiltonian operators of the dipoles with the environment and the photons with the environment, which can be neglected because we assume that the interactions external to the dipole-photon system are very weak.The first two terms Ĥd and Ĥp are in fact relevant and represent respectively the Hamiltonian operators of the dipoles and the photons.Thus, the preexisting dipole-photon state almost maximally entangled (Volz 2006) justifies the disturbance caused by the electric dipole inside the capacitor dielectric in the polarized laser beam photon can be represented by equation if the photons are polarized at 0 • or 90 • ; and by equation if the photons are polarized at 45 • .
It is theoretically well-known that a polaroid filter does not allow the passage of linearly polarized photons whose polarization direction is perpendicular to its own (Lumen 2023).So, for instance, if all the photons in a beam are 90 • polarized, none of them can pass through a 0 • polarized filter.However, in this condition, due to the dipole-photon entangled state existing during the state transition period of the dipoles in the charge or discharge of the capacitor -as represented in Eqs. ( 5) and ( 6)-, a part of the photons may pass through the polaroid filter.The photons that will emerge from the filter will have a reduced eigenstate (collapse of the wave function) which is represented by the reduction of the terms that compose the dipole-photon entangled state before the photons reach the filter.Such an increase in the amount of emerging photons corresponds to a transient increase in the brightness or optical power of the laser beam.Depending on the combination between the polarization of the laser beam and the polaroid filter, instead of an increase in the number of photons that emerge a reduction can occur, which corresponds to a transient decrease in the brightness or optical power of the laser beam.Such effects were in fact detected experimentally and can only exist considering as really valid the hypothesis of the preexisting state of quantum entanglement between dipoles and photons, as predicted by the GQE model and in the proper manipulation of discrete observables.The most surprising situation of all theoretically predicted and experimentally verified was the suppression of variations in the passage of photons polarized at 45 • through the polaroid filter, regardless of its polarization being 90 • , 45 • or 0 • .Table 1 shows the situation mentioned in more detail, with the experimental runs performed in our work indicated by the setups enumerated from 7196 to 7207.Each setup corresponds to a combination of one of the three polarizations (90 • , 45 • , 0 • ) with one of the three polaroid filter polarizations (90 • , 45 • , 0 • ) and for each setup, optical power measurements were considered (brightness) of three capacitor charge and discharge cycles spaced by equal time intervals with the capacitor fully charged and the capacitor discharged.
The column "Photons Eigenstates" indicates the dipole-photon states after passing through the polaroid filter.The experimental results are shown in the column "Laser power transients" where the amount of transient brightness increases (up arrows) and amount of brightness decreases (arrows down).In case of the tests with 0 • and 90 • laser beam polarization, the positive kets of the photon eigenstates explain the increase of measured transients with laser power increasing (arrows pointing up in the last right column of for setup 7196), and the negative kets explain the opposite, that is, the increasing of measured transients with laser power reduction (arrows pointing down for setups 7198 and 7204).In the first case, more photons pass through the Polaroid filter and in the second case, the opposite, that is, fewer photons.
There is the addition and the subtraction of the kets with different photon polarizations in some setups as 7197, 7203, 7205, 7206 and 7207.It means that the transients both with increasing and reduction of laser power can be measured (arrows pointing up and down) for the same experimental setup.
In the case of the tests with 45 • polarization (setups 7199, 7200, 7201 and 7206), the positive and negative kets related to the same photon polarizations cancel each other.In this way, there is no additional or reduction of the number of photons in the beam.This explains why exists a null (or almost) quantity of transients as shown in the right last column of Table 1.
Associated to the measurements of discrete states of polarization indicated in Table 1, we also implemented measurements of light power using the Polaroid filter for all of the angles previously mentioned.We measured variations of the optical power of the order of 1 W.Such experimental results are consistent with the weak but detectable variation of luminosity of the laser beam spots obtained, as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Photos of the variation in the state of the laser beam spot.On the left side, we have the image in the initial normal state before turning on the capacitor; and on the right side, we have the image of the same spot projected by the laser beam.It is distinct that the shape of the spot became different and wider during the capacitor charging

Table 1
The table shows the