Abstract
A school is considered to be the core of the community in many countries, and school plays a vital role in disaster issues, both in terms of preparedness and post-disaster recovery. An integrated resilience assessment called school disaster resilience assessment (SDRA) was applied in the post-disaster recovery context in the city of Kesennuma, in Tohoku region of Japan. The city was impacted heavily by the East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, and several schools were affected in the city. SDRA, which is an integrated tool to understand the overall disaster resilience of the school system, consists of five dimensions: physical conditions, human resources, institutional issues, external relationships, and natural conditions. Each dimension has three parameters, and each parameter has five variables. The data are collected for 75 variables. Application of SDRA in 31 schools of the city points out the importance of strengthening the relationship between school and community, and enhancing the involvement of various stakeholders in the planning process. This is significant in the recovery process due to the dynamic nature of the community, and the school–community relationship needs to evolve accordingly with the dynamism of city’s recovery. Experiences from the other city of similar size, which was affected by disasters 11 years back, and has carried out innovative disaster education program, suggest that in order to enhance school’s resilience, not only schools but also local government needs to make efforts for school disaster management and community-based disaster management. Periodic assessment in disaster recovery process is required so that appropriate activities and policies can be adopted, and the results can be visible on the ground.
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Notes
Temporary houses are newly built houses after disasters for people staying in evacuation shelter and will be demolished after completion of building permanent house.
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Acknowledgments
This study is conducted as part of the Project “The Enhancing local DRR capacities through action research and practice with lessons learned from the East Japan Earthquake & Tsunami” funded by CWS (Church World Service), Japan. The SDRA survey was conducted with support of the Board of Education of Kesennuma City and Saijo City. The officers of the Board of Education and school teachers in Kesennuma City gave inputs to consider and discuss the results of SDRA. We express our sincere appreciation to them.
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Shiwaku, K., Ueda, Y., Oikawa, Y. et al. School disaster resilience assessment in the affected areas of 2011 East Japan earthquake and tsunami. Nat Hazards 82, 333–365 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2204-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2204-5