Abstract
Since 1980, land subsidence has accelerated and groundwater levels have decreased in the centre of Shanghai, although the net withdrawn volume of groundwater has not increased. Theoretical analysis of the monitored data shows that the decrease in the groundwater level is the primary reason for the observed land subsidence. Meanwhile, the net withdrawn volume of groundwater in the urban centre of Shanghai has not increased during this period. Many underground structures have been constructed in the multi-aquifer-aquitard system of Shanghai since 1980. This paper discusses the factors related to the development of land subsidence during the process of urbanisation in Shanghai during the past 30 years. These factors include additional load during and after structure construction, the cut-off and/or partial cut-off effect of underground structures in aquifers, the decrease in the groundwater level due to leakage of underground structures and the reduction in recharge of groundwater from the surroundings.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chai JC, Shen SL, Zhu HH, Zhang XL (2004) Land subsidence due to groundwater drawdown in Shanghai. Géotechnique 54(3):143–148. doi:10.1680/geot.2004.54.2.143
Cui ZD, Tang YQ, Yan XX (2010) Evaluation of the geology-environmental capacity of buildings based on the ANFIS model of the floor area ratio. Bull Eng Geol Environ 69(1):111–118. doi:10.1007/s10064-009-0220-3
Geotechnical Control Office (GCO) (1982) Mid-levels study, report on geology, hydrology and soil properties. GCO, Hong Kong
Gong SL, Wu JZ, Yan XX (2005) Analysis on land subsidence due to construction engineering in soft soil region of Shanghai. In: Zhang AG, Gong SL, Carbognin L, Johnson AI (eds) Proceedings of the seventh international symposium on land subsidence, vol 1, pp 82–87
Gong SL, Li C, Yang SL (2009) The microscopic characteristics of Shanghai soft clay and its effect on soil body deformation and land subsidence. Environ Geol 56(6):1051–1056. doi:10.1007/s00254-008-1205-4
Huang SM, Gao DZ (2005) Soft soil and underground engineering, 2nd edn. China Architecture and Building Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Jiao JJ, Leung CM, Ding GP (2008) Changes to the groundwater system, from 1888 to present, in a highly-urbanized coastal area in Hong Kong, China. Hydrol J 16(8):1527–1539. doi:10.1007/s10040-008-0332-z
Jie YX, Gao Y, Li GX (2007) Analysis on the land subsidence induced by city construction. Geotech Eng Tech 21(2):78–82 (in Chinese)
Johnson IA, Frobel RK, Cavalli NJ, Frobel RK (eds) (1984) Hydraulic barriers in soil and rocks. ASTM special technical publication 874. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia
Jongmans D (1996) Prediction of ground vibrations caused by pile driving: a new methodology. Eng Geol 42(1):25–36
Ketchum JN, Donovan JJ, Avery WH (2000) Recharge characteristics of a phreatic aquifer as determined by storage accumulation. Hydrol J 8(6):579–593. doi:10.1007/s100400000088
Ling JM, Wang W, Wu HB (2002) On residual deformation of saturated clay subgrade under vehicle load. J Tongji Univ 30(11):1315–1320 (in Chinese)
Mair RJ (2008) Tunnelling and geotechnics: new horizons. Géotechnique 58(9):695–736. doi:10.1680/geot.2008.58.9.695
Peng FL, Wang HL, Tan Y, Xu ZL, Li YL (2011) Field measurements and FEM simulation of a tunnel shaft constructed by pneumatic caisson method in Shanghai soft ground. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 137(5):516–524. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000460
Shanghai Comprehensive History Editorial Board (SCHEB) (2005) Shanghai comprehensive history. Shanghai Social Sciences Press, Shanghai
Shanghai Geological Environmental Atlas Editorial Board (SGEAEB) (2002) Shanghai geological environmental atlas. Geology Press, Beijing
Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Planning and Land Resources (SMBPLR) (2001–2009) Shanghai geological environmental bulletin (2001–2009) (in Chinese)
Shanghai Metro Running Management Co. Ltd. (SMRM) (2007) Report of monitoring on Shanghai metro tunnels in 2007 (in Chinese)
Shanghai Statistics Bureau (2000–2010) Shanghai statistical yearbook. See http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/data/toTjnj.xhtml?y=2010e
Shen SL, Xu YS (2011) Numerical evaluation on land subsidence induced by groundwater pumping in Shanghai. Can Geotech J 48(9):1378–1392. doi:10.1139/T11-049
Shen SL, Du YJ, Luo CY (2010) Evaluation of the effect of double-o-tunnel rolling-correction via apply one-side block loading. Can Geotech J 47(10):1060–1070. doi:10.1139/T10-013
Shin JH, Addenbrooke TI, Potts DM (2002) A numerical study of the effect of groundwater movement on long-term tunnel behaviour. Géotechnique 52(6):391–403. doi:10.1680/geot.2002.52.6.391
Tan Y, Li MW (2011) Measured performance of a 26 m deep top–down excavation in downtown Shanghai. Can Geotech J 48(5):704–719. doi:10.1139/T10-100
Tan Y, Wei B (2011) Observed behavior of a long and deep excavation constructed by cut-and-cover technique in Shanghai soft clay. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 138(1):110–114. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000553
Tang YQ, Cui ZD, Wang JX, Lu C, Yan XX (2008) Model test study of land subsidence caused by high-rise building group in Shanghai. Bull Eng Geol Environ 67(2):173–179. doi:10.1007/s10064-008-0121-x
Wu HN, Xu YS, Shen SL, Chai JC (2011) Long-term settlement behaviour of ground around shield tunnel due to leakage of water in soft deposit of Shanghai. Front Archit Civil Eng China 5(2):194–198
Xu YS (2010) Evaluation of the behaviour of groundwater seepage and land subsidence via considering infrastructures penetrated into aquifers. PhD dissertation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai (in Chinese)
Xu YS, Shen SL, Cai ZY, Zhou GY (2008) The state of land subsidence and prediction activities due to groundwater withdrawal in China. Nat Hazards 45(1):123–135. doi:10.1007/s11069-007-9168-4
Xu YS, Shen SL, Du YJ (2009) Geological and hydrogeological environment in Shanghai with geohazards to construction and maintenance of infrastructures. Eng Geol 109(3–4):241–254. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.08.009
Yin JH, Graham J (1996) Elastic visco-plastic modelling of one-dimensional consolidation. Géotechnique 46(3):515–527
Yin ZY, Karstunen M, Chang CS, Koskinen M, Lojander M (2011) Modeling time-dependent behaviour of soft sensitive clay. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 137(11):1103–1113. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000527
Zhang AG, Wei ZX (2005) Prevention and cure with Shanghai land subsidence and city sustaining development. In: Zhang AG, Gong SL, Carbognin L, Johnson AI (eds) Proceedings of the seventh international symposium on land subsidence, vol 1, pp 10–17
Acknowledgments
The research work described herein was funded by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 41102175 and No. 41072209). These financial supports are gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, YS., Ma, L., Du, YJ. et al. Analysis of urbanisation-induced land subsidence in Shanghai. Nat Hazards 63, 1255–1267 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0220-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0220-7