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New update on molecular diversity of clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Iran: antimicrobial resistance, adhesion and virulence factors, biofilm formation and SCCmec typing

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Abstract

Background

Staphylococcus aureus is often considered as a potential pathogen and resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. The pathogenicity of this bacterium is due to the presence of multiple virulence factors and the ability to form biofilm. SCCmec types I, II and III are mainly attributed to HA-MRSA, while SCCmec types IV and V have usually been reported in CA-MRSA infections.

Methods and results

In this study, we performed a cross-sectional study to determine the antimicrobial resistance, adhesion and virulence factors, biofilm formation and SCCmec typing of clinical S. aureus isolates in Iran. S. aureus isolates were identified using microbiological standard methods and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Inducible resistance phenotype and biofilm formation were determined using D-test and tissue culture plate methods, respectively. Multiplex-PCRs were performed to detect adhesion and virulence factors, antibiotic resistance genes, biofilm formation and SCCmec typing by specific primers. Among 143 clinical samples, 67.8% were identified as MRSA. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. The prevalence of cMLSB, iMLSB and MS phenotypes were 61.1%, 22.2% and 14.8%, respectively. The TCP method revealed that 71.3% of isolates were able to form biofilm. The predominant virulence and inducible resistance genes in both MRSA and MSSA isolates were related to sea and ermC respectively. SCCmec type III was the predominant type.

Conclusions

Data show the high prevalence rates of virulence elements among S. aureus isolates, especially MRSA strains. This result might be attributed to antibiotic pressure, facilitating clonal selection.

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Data availability

All original data and materials are available upon request from the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

We appreciate the sincere collaboration of the Microbiology Department, Ayatollah Amoli branch of Islamic Azad University and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences for assistance in the conduct of the study.

Funding

This study was supported by the Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Mazandaran province, Iran. The funding body had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran

    Mahtab Tabandeh & Hami Kaboosi

  2. Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

    Mojtaba Taghizadeh Armaki

  3. Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Center, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

    Abazar Pournajaf

  4. Department of Biology, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran

    Fatemeh Peyravii Ghadikolaii

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  1. Mahtab Tabandeh
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  2. Hami Kaboosi
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  4. Abazar Pournajaf
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Contributions

HK and MTA conceived and designed the experiment; AP and MT conducted the study and collected the samples. AP, MT and FPG performed the experiments and analyzed the data. All authors contributed to paper writing. The authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hami Kaboosi.

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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to this study.

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This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University (approved ID: IR.IAU.BABOL.REC.1399.035) and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The participants signed the informed consent forms from each patient, and the Research Ethics Committee of Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University approved the study protocol.

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Tabandeh, M., Kaboosi, H., Taghizadeh Armaki, M. et al. New update on molecular diversity of clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Iran: antimicrobial resistance, adhesion and virulence factors, biofilm formation and SCCmec typing. Mol Biol Rep 49, 3099–3111 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-07140-7

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