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Different types of cell death in vascular diseases

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Abstract

In a mature organism, tissue homeostasis is regulated by cell division and cell demise as the two major physiological procedures. There is increasing evidence that deregulation of these processes is important in the pathogenicity of main diseases, including myocardial infarction, stroke, atherosclerosis, and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, there are ongoing efforts to discover modulating factors of the cell cycle and cell demise planners aiming at shaping innovative therapeutically modalities to the therapy of such diseases. Although the life of a cell is terminated by several modes of action, a few cell deaths exist—some of which resemble apoptosis and/or necrosis, and most of them are different from one another—that contribute to a wide range of functions to either support or disrupt the homoeostasis. Even in normal physiological conditions, cell life is severe within the cardiovascular system. Cells are persistently undergoing stretch, contraction, injurious metabolic byproducts, and hemodynamic forces, and a few of cells sustain decade-long lifetimes. The duration of vascular disease causes further exposure of vascular cells to a novel range of offences, most of which induce cell death. There is growing evidence on consequences of direct damage to a cell, as well as on responses of adjacent and infiltrating cells, which also have an effect on the pathology. In this study, by focusing on different pathways of cell death in different vascular diseases, an attempt is made to open a new perspective on the therapeutic goals associated with cell death in these diseases.

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Abbreviations

NO:

Nitric Oxide

GMP:

Guanosine monophosphate

SMC:

Smooth muscle cells

TUNEL:

Transferase dUTP nick end labeling

ISEL:

In situ nick translation

Bcl‐2:

B-cell lymphoma 2

DAMPs:

Danger-associated molecular patterns

NETs:

Neutrophil extracellular traps

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

RIPK1:

Receptor-interacting protein kinase-1

TRAFF2/5:

TNF receptor-associated factor 2/5

TRADD:

Type 1–associated death domain

PAH:

Pulmonary arterial hypertension

TLR:

Toll‐like receptor

NLR:

Nod‐like receptor

DAMPs:

Damage‐associated molecular patterns

RIPK3:

Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3

IR:

Ischemia–reperfusion

PGAM5:

PGAM Family Member 5

NLRP3:

NLR family pyrin domain containing 3

HMGB1:

For high-mobility group box 1

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion protein 1

DAMP:

Damage-associated molecular patterns

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

GPX4:

Glutathione peroxidase 4

VSMCs:

Vascular smooth muscle cells

VCI:

Vascular cognitive impairment

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

LDCD:

Lysosome-dependent cell death

OxLDL:

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)

ROS:

Oxygen species

LC3:

Protein 1A/1B-light chain 3

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Shirin Saberianpour & Mohammad Hadi Saeed modaghegh

  2. Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical, Tabriz, Iran

    Abbas Karimi

  3. Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical, Tabriz, Iran

    Mahdi Ahmadi

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  1. Shirin Saberianpour
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  2. Abbas Karimi
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  3. Mohammad Hadi Saeed modaghegh
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  4. Mahdi Ahmadi
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SS: Data gathering, writing draft. Ak: Editing manuscript. MHSM: Scientific editor. MA: Design figures.

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Saberianpour, S., Karimi, A., Saeed modaghegh, M.H. et al. Different types of cell death in vascular diseases. Mol Biol Rep 48, 4687–4702 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06402-0

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