Quantum Random Walk Approximation on Locally Compact Quantum Groups

A natural scheme is established for the approximation of quantum Lévy processes on locally compact quantum groups by quantum random walks. We work in the somewhat broader context of discrete approximations of completely positive quantum stochastic convolution cocycles on C∗-bialgebras. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000). Primary 46L53, 81S25; Secondary 22A30, 47L25, 16W30.


Introduction
In [19] we developed a theory of quantum stochastic convolution cocycles on counital multiplier C * -bialgebras, extending the algebraic theory of quantum Lévy processes created by Schürmann and co-workers (see [25] and references therein, and, for a simplified treatment [17]), and the topological theory of quantum stochastic convolution cocycles on compact quantum groups and operator space coalgebras developed by the authors [18]. Here we apply the results of [19] to introduce and analyse a straightforward scheme for the approximation of such cocycles by quantum random walks. In particular we obtain results on Markovregular quantum Lévy processes on locally compact quantum semigroups, extending and strengthening results in [11] for the compact case. Our analysis exploits a recent approximation theorem of Belton [6], which extends that of [24] (used in [11]). The approximation scheme closely mirrors the way in which Picard iteration operates in the construction of solutions of quantum stochastic differential equations [15].
The study of quantum random walks on quantum groups was initiated by Biane in the early 1990s (starting with [7]). Some combinatorial, probabilistic and physical interpretations can be found in Chapter 5 of [21]. Recent work has concentrated on discrete quantum groups and the development of (Poisson and Martin) boundary theory for quantum random walks (see [22] and references therein). Random walks of the type considered here and in [11] are discussed in [10] in the context of finite quantum groups. For standard quantum stochastic cocycles on operator algebras, operator spaces and Hilbert spaces (see [15], and references therein), quantum random walk approximation [6,12,16,24] has seen recent applications in the probability theory and mathematical physics literature (e.g. [2,8]).

Preliminaries
In this section we briefly recall some definitions and relevant facts about strict maps and their extensions, matrix spaces over an operator space, structure maps with respect to a character on a C * -algebra, multiplier C * -bialgebras and quantum stochastic convolution cocycles; we refer to [19] for a detailed account.
General notations. The multiplier algebra of a C * -algebra A is denoted by M(A) (in [19] the notation A was used). The symbols ⊗ , ⊗ and ⊗ are used, respectively, for linear/algebraic, spatial/minimal and ultraweak, tensor products of spaces, and also, respectively, for linear, completely bounded and ultraweakly continuous completely bounded, tensor products of maps (see e.g. [9]). For a subset S of a vector space V , its linear span is denoted Lin S. The following notations are used for vector functionals, bra-/-ket operators, ampliations and augmented spaces: Here h is a Hilbert space and context determines the Hilbert spaces H, H and (for QS ) also K; the superscript QS is there to avoid confusion with coproducts.

STRICT MAPS AND THEIR EXTENSIONS
If A 1 , A 2 are C * -algebras then a map ϕ : ) is called preunital if its strict extension is unital. Thus, for *-homomorphic maps, preunital is equivalent to nondegenerate [14]. Every completely bounded map from a C * -algebra to the algebra of all bounded operators on a Hilbert space is automatically strict, when the latter is viewed as the multiplier algebra of the algebra of compact operators (see [19,Section 2]).

MATRIX SPACES
For an operator space V in B(H; K) and full operator space B = B(h; k), the (h, k)matrix space over V, denoted V ⊗ M B, is the following operator space: It lies between V ⊗ B and V uw ⊗ B and is equal to the latter when V is ultraweakly closed. For any map ϕ ∈ C B(V 1 ; V 2 ), between operator spaces, the map ϕ ⊗ id B extends uniquely to a completely bounded map ϕ ⊗ M id B : This construction is compatible with strict tensor products and strict extension, as is shown in Section 1 of [19].
in which QS is given by (1.1). The following automatic implementability result is key ([18, Theorem A6] and [19] (ii) ϕ is implemented by a pair (π, ξ ) consisting of a *-homomorphism π : A → B(h) and vector ξ ∈ h, that is ϕ has block matrix form Moreover, if ϕ is a χ -structure map with such a block matrix form then it is necessarily strict, and π is nondegenerate if and only if ϕ(1) = 0.
A counit for (B, ) is a character on B satisfying the counital property: Examples of counital C * -bialgebras include all locally compact quantum groups in the universal setting [13] -in particular, the coamenable locally compact quantum groups [4].
Let B be a C * -bialgebra. The convolute of maps φ 1 ∈ Lin C P β (B; M(A 1 )) and φ 2 ∈ Lin C P β (B; M(A 2 )), for C * -algebras A 1 and A 2 , is defined as the following composition of strict maps: the same notation is used for its strict extension. The convolution operation is easily seen to be associative. Moreover, by automatic strictness, and the decomposability property: it follows that any maps ϕ 1 ∈ C B(B; B(h 1 )) and ϕ 2 ∈ C B(B; B(h 2 )), for Hilbert spaces h 1 and h 2 , may be convolved: (1.3)

QUANTUM STOCHASTIC CONVOLUTION COCYCLES
We now fix, for the rest of the paper, a complex Hilbert space k referred to as the noise dimension space and a counital C * -bialgebra B.
For a subinterval J of R + , let F J denote the symmetric Fock space over L 2 (J ; k) and write I J for the identity operator on [15,23].
For ϕ ∈ C B(B; B( k)), the coalgebraic QS differential equation has a unique form solution, denoted l ϕ ; it is actually a strong solution. The process l ϕ is a QS convolution cocycle on B; moreover, conversely any Markov-regular, completely positive, contractive, QS convolution cocycle on B is of the form l ϕ for a unique ϕ ∈ C B(B; B( k)). For completely bounded processes the cocycle relation reads as follows (after some natural identifications are made): where (σ s ) s≥0 is the semigroup of right shifts on B(F). Markov regularity means that each of the associated convolution semigroups of the cocycle is norm continuous. In this situation, the map ϕ is referred to as the stochastic generator of the QS convolution cocycle. A QS convolution cocycle l is said to be completely positive, preunital, or *-homomorphic, if each l t has that property. The form of the generators of such cocycles is characterised in Theorem 5.2 of [19].

Approximation by Discrete Evolutions
We now show that any Markov-regular, completely positive, contractive QS convolution cocycle on B may be approximated in a strong sense by discrete completely positive evolutions, and that the discrete evolutions may be chosen to be *-homomorphic and/or preunital, if the cocycle is.
Belton's condition [6] for discrete approximation of standard Markov-regular QS cocycles [15] nicely translates to the convolution context using the techniques developed in [19]. We show this first. Denote by (h) n (h > 0, n ∈ N) the injective *-homomorphism arising from the discretisation of Fock space [2,5]. Thus n, j , for the isometries Also write  Similarly, for a map ψ ∈ C B(B; B( k)), its convolution iterates (ψ n ) n∈Z + are defined by As usual we are viewing B( k ⊗n ) as the multiplier algebra of K ( k ⊗n ) here, and invoking the remark containing (1.3), to ensure meaning for the above convolutions. We need the following block matrix operators, on a Hilbert space of the form H: and write h for the map X → S h X S h on B( H). Such conjugations provide the correct scaling for quantum random-walk approximation [16].
Proof. Denote the enveloping von Neumann algebra of B by B and let φ and (h) in C B σ (B; B( k)) and ∈ B * denote, respectively, the normal extensions of (id ⊗ϕ) • and (id ⊗ ψ (h) ) • , and the counit of B. It follows from [19] (specifically, Proposition 2.1 and remarks after Theorem 1.2) that the maps transforming ϕ into φ and ψ (h) into (h) are complete isometries. Therefore which tends to 0 as h → 0 by assumption. Therefore, by Theorem 7.6 of [6], n := ( (h) ) •n , k φ denotes the 'standard' QS cocycle generated by φ, that is, the unique weakly regular weak solution of the QS differential equation [15]). It follows from Section 4 of [19] that . The result therefore follows from the easily checked identity ( ⊗ id) Remark. Multiplicativity of the coproduct is not used in the above proof; the proper hypothesis on B is that it be a multiplier C * -hyperbialgebra (see [19,Section 2]).
For the next two propositions coproducts play no role. Then the following hold.
for some completely bounded maps ϕ 1 , Proof. For the proof, drop the subscript ξ from Q, c and s, and let 0 < h < h(ξ ). Thus (a) This is evident from the identities (b) Set ν = π − ι h • χ so that ϕ has block matrix form (1.2), note the identities and define the operators X, Z ∈ B( h; h) by X := ξ 2 0 Q and Z := |ξ I h .

Remarks. (i) Both U (h)
ξ and π (h) ξ are norm continuous in h; they converge to I h and χ ⊕ π , respectively, as h → 0.
(iv) This remark will be used in the proof of Theorem 2.4. Suppose that (instead of ϕ being a χ -structure map) there is a nondegenerate representation π : A → B(H), vector ξ ∈ H and isometry D ∈ B(h; H) such that ϕ is given by Proof. It follows from Proposition 4.3 and Theorem 4.4 of [26], and their proofs, that there is a Hilbert space h containing k and a χ -structure map θ : A → B( h) such that ϕ is the compression of θ to B( k). The family of *-homomorphisms ( π It follows that (2.6) holds for the compressions φ (h) of π (h) ξ to B( k), which are manifestly completely positive and contractive.
Combining the above results we obtain the following discrete approximation theorem for QS convolution cocycles. where again l t,ε := l t (·)|ε ∈ C B(B; |F ) and (h) [t/ h],ε is given by (2.1). (b) If l is *-homomorphic, and/or preunital, then each ψ (h) may be chosen to be so too.
Proof. By Theorem 5.2 (a) of [19], we know that l = l ϕ for some map ϕ ∈ C B(B; B( k)) which has a decomposition of the form (2.5), with χ = . The first part therefore follows from Proposition 2.3 and Theorem 2.1. If l is preunital then ϕ may be expressed in the form (2.4) and so, by the remark containing (2.4), it follows that the completely positive maps ψ (h) may be chosen to be preunital. Now suppose that l is *-homomorphic. Then, by Theorem 5.2 (c) of [19], ϕ is an -structure map and so, by Theorem 1.1, ϕ has an implementing pair (π, ξ ) with π nondegenerate if l is. It therefore follows from Proposition 2.2 that the maps ψ (h) may be chosen to be *-homomorphic-and also nondegenerate if the cocycle l is nondegenerate. This completes the proof.
We conclude by restating part of this result in the language of quantum Lévy processes. COROLLARY 2.5. Every Markov-regular quantum Lévy process on a multiplier C * -bialgebra is a limit, in the pointwise-strong operator topology, of a sequence of quantum random walks.
Proof. This follows from Theorem 2.4 since every Markov-regular quantum Lévy process is equivalent to a Fock space quantum Lévy process, by Corollary 6.2 of [19].