Abstract
An interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) containing gum acacia (GA), poly(methacrylic acid) (MAA), and poly(acrylic acid) (AA) was developed using a two-step aqueous polymerization method. Firstly, semi-IPNs were produced by radical polymerization of MAA chains onto GA in the presence of ammonium persulfate as a free radical initiator and N, N′-methylene-bisacrylamide (MBA) as a cross-linking agent using a microwave heating. To obtain a semi-IPN with a higher swelling percentage, several reaction parameters such as initiator, monomer, and crosslinker concentrations were varied. The percentage swelling (%S) was highly dependent upon the reaction conditions. The optimal reaction conditions for maximal %S were 2.55 × 10–2 mol/L initiator concentration, 12 mL solvent, 0.424 × 10–3 mol/L of monomer, and 2.16 × 10–2 mol/L cross-linker concentration, according to the findings. GA-g-poly(MAA) was the name to given to the semi-IPN. Second, IPN was created by grafting AA chains onto a GA-g-poly(MAA) matrix that had been optimized. The IPN was named as a GA-g-poly(MAA-IPN-AA). The reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out by heating the mixture of flower extract of Koelreuteria apiculate under microwave radiation. Finally, the as-prepared semi-IPN and IPN samples were used as templates for the loading of AgNPs. XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TGA were used to characterize the synthesized semi-IPN, IPN, and their composites with AgNPs. GA, GA-g-poly(MAA), GA-g-poly(MAA-IPN-AA), and their composites with AgNPs are tested for antibacterial activity against five common bacteria strains: Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rhizobium species, and Staphylococcus aureus. All of the bacteria strains were shown to have a noticeable zone of inhibition when IPN and their composite with AgNPs were used. When compared to other bacteria strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed to be more vulnerable to the tested samples. The obtained results demonstrate that the synthesized systems are suitable for application as antibacterial agents.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abasalizadeh F, Moghaddam SV, Alizadeh E et al (2020) Alginate-based hydrogels as drug delivery vehicles in cancer treatment and their applications in wound dressing and 3D bioprinting. J Biol Eng 14:8
Ahmed EM (2015) Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review. J Adv Res 6:105–121
Zhu TX, Mao JJ, Cheng Y, Liu HR, Lv L, Ge MZ, Li SH, Huang JY, Chen Z, Li HQ, Yang L, Lai YK (2019) Recent progress of polysaccharide‐based hydrogel interfaces for wound healing and tissue engineering. Adv Mater Interfaces 6:1900761
Kang G, Seong B, Gim Y, Lee H, Ko HS, Byun D (2019) Adv Mater Interfaces 6:1801885
Xiong R, Grant AM, Ma RL, Zhang SD, Tsukruk VV (2018) Mater Sci Eng R 125:1
Duan JJ, Liang XC, Zhu KK, Guo JH, Zhang LN (2017) Soft Matter 13:345
Bashir S, Hina M, Iqbal J, Rajpar AH, Mujtaba MA, Alghamdi NA, Wageh S, Ramesh K, Ramesh S (2020) Fundamental concepts of hydrogels: Synthesis, properties, and their applications. Polym 12:2702
Makhado E, Pandey S, Nomngongo PN et al (2018) Preparation and characterization of xanthan gum-cl-poly(acrylic acid)/o-MWCNTs hydrogel nanocomposite as highly effective re-usable adsorbent for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions. J Colloid Interf Sci 513:700–714
Malatji N, Makhado E, Modibane KD et al (2021) Removal of methylene blue from wastewater using hydrogel nanocomposites: A review. Nanomater Nanotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1177/18479804211039425
Lee KY, Mooney DJ (2012) Alginate: properties and biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 37:106–126
Zoratto N, Matricardi P (2018) Semi-IPN- and IPN-Based Hydrogels. In: Oliveira J, Pina S, Reis R, San Roman J (eds) Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1059. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76735-2_7
Kaur S, Jindal R (2018) Synthesis of interpenetrating network hydrogel from (Gum Copal alcohols-collagen)-co-poly(acrylamide) and acrylic acid: Isotherms and Kinetics study for removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. Mater Chem Phys 220:75–86
Sukriti KBS, Jindal R (2017) Controlled biofertilizer release kinetics and moisture retention in gum xanthan-based IPN. Iran Polym J 26:563–577
Dai Z, Yang X, Feilun Wu, Wang L, Xiang K, Li P, Lv Q, Tang J, Dohlman A, Dai L, Shen X, You L (2021) Living fabrication of functional semi-interpenetrating polymeric materials. Nat Commun 12:3422
Pérez-Álvarez L, Ruiz-Rubio L, Lizundia E, Vilas-Vilela JL (2019) Polysaccharide-based superabsorbents: synthesis, properties, and applications. In: Mondal M (eds) Cellulose-Based Superabsorbent Hydrogels. Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77830-3_46
Khan M, Shah LA, Rehman T, Khan A, Iqbal A, Ullah M, Alam S (2020) Synthesis of physically cross-linked gum Arabic-based polymer hydrogels with enhanced mechanical, load bearing and shape memory behavior. Iran Polym J 29:351–360
Sharma V, Arora N, Kumar R, Singh S, Verma S (2021) Effect of polyvinyl alcohol on electrical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of gum acacia-based gel electrolytes containing NaOH. Polym Bull. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03915-3
Aderibigbe BA, Ray SS (2017) Gum acacia polysaccharide-based pH sensitive gels for targeted delivery of neridronate. Polym Bull 74:2641–2655
Ali BH, Ziada A, Blunden G (2009) Biological effects of gum arabic: a review of some recent research. Food Chem Toxicol 47:1–8
Juby KA, Dwivedi C, Kumar M, Kota S, Misra HS, Bajaj PN (2012) Silver nanoparticle-loaded PVA/gum acacia hydrogel: Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial study. Carbohyd Polym 89:906–913
Patel S, Goyal A (2015) Applications of natural polymer gum arabic: a review. Int J Food Propert 18:986–998
Behravesh A, Shahrousvand M, Goudarzi A (2021) Poly(acrylic acid)/gum arabic/ZnO semi-IPN hydrogels: synthesis, characterization and their optimizations by response surface methodology. Iran Polym J 30:655–674
Abdel-Bary EM, Elbedwehy AM (2018) Graft copolymerization of polyacrylic acid onto Acacia gum using erythrosine–thiourea as a visible light photoinitiator: application for dye removal. Polym Bull 75:3325–3340
Aisida SO, Ugwu K, Akpa PA, Nwanya AC, Ejikeme PM, Botha S, Ahmad I, Maaza M, Ezema FI (2019) Biogenic synthesis and antibacterial activity of controlled silver nanoparticles using an extract of Gongronema Latifolium. Mater Chem Phys 237:121859
Ren Y-Y, Yang H, Wang T, Wang C (2019) Bio-synthesis of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial activity. Mater Chem Phys 235:121746
Spasojevic J, Radosavljevic A, Krstic J, Jovanovic D, Spasojevic V, Kalagasidis-Krušic M, Kacarevic-Popovic Z (2015) Dual responsive antibacterial Ag-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide/itaconic acid) hydrogel nanocomposites synthesized by gamma irradiation. Eur Polym J 69:168–185
Krstic J, Spasojevic J, Radosavljevic A, Peric-Grujic A, Djuric M, Kacarevic-Popovic Z, Popovic S (2014) In vitro silver ion release kinetics from nanosilver/ poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels synthesized by gamma irradiation. J Appl Polym Sci 131:40321
Inbaneson S, Ravikumar S, Manikandan N (2011) Antibacterial potential of silver nanoparticles against isolated urinary tract infectious bacterial pathogens. Appl Nanosci 1:231–236
Vimala K, Sivudu KS, Mohan YM, Sreedhar B, Raju KM (2009) Controlled silver nanoparticles synthesis in semi-hydrogel networks of poly(acrylamide) and carbohydrates: a rational methodology for antibacterial application. Carbohyd Polym 75:463–471
Kora AJ, Sashidhar RB, Arunachalam J (2010) Gum kondagogu (Cochlospermum gossypium): A template for the green synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial application. Carbohyd Polym 82:670–679
Zakia M, Koo JM, Kim D, Ji K, Huh PilHo, Yoon J, Yoo SI (2020) Development of silver nanoparticle-based hydrogel composites for antimicrobial activity. Green Chem Lett Rev 13(1):34–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2020.1725149
Mohan YM, Vimala K, Thomas V, Varaprasad K, Sreedhar B, Bajpai SK, Raju KM (2010) Controlling of silver nanoparticles structure by hydrogel networks. J Colloid Interface Sci 342:73–82
Varaprasad K, Mohan YM, Ravindra S, Reddy NN, Vimala K, Monika K, Sreedhar B, Raju KM (2010) Hydrogel–silver nanoparticle composites: A new generation of antimicrobials. J Appl Polym Sci 115:1199–1207
Dai L, Nadeau B, An X, Cheng D, Long Z, Ni Y (2016) Silver nanoparticles-containing dual-function hydrogels based on a guar gum-sodium borohydride system. Sci Rep 6:36497. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36497
Singh B, Dhiman A (2016) Design of Acacia gum–carbopol–cross-linked-polyvinylimidazole hydrogel wound dressings for antibiotic/anesthetic drug delivery. Ind Eng Chem Res 55:9176–9188
Li M, Li H, Li X, Zhu H, Xu Z, Liu L, Ma J, Zhang M (2017) A bioinspired alginate-gum arabic hydrogel with micro-/nanoscale structures for controlled drug release in chronic wound healing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:22160–22175
Singh B, Sharma S, Dhiman A (2017) Acacia gum polysaccharide based hydrogel wound dressings: Synthesis, characterization, drug delivery and biomedical properties. Carbohyd Polym 165:294–303
Bhatnagar M, Parwani L, Sharma V, Ganguli J, Bhatnagar A (2013) Hemostatic, antibacterial biopolymers from Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. and Moringa oleifera (Lam.) as potential wound dressing materials. Ind J Exp Bio 51:804–810
Sharma S, Virk K, Sharma K, Bose SK, Kumar V, Sharma V, Focarete ML, Kalia S (2020) Preparation of gum acacia-poly(acrylamide-IPN-acrylic acid) based nanocomposite hydrogels via polymerization methods for antimicrobial applications. J Mol Str 1215:128298
Magaldi S, Mata-Essayag S, Hartung de Capriles C, Perez C, Colella MT, Olaizola C, Ontiveros Y (2004) Well diffusion for antifungal susceptibility testing. Int J Infect Dis 8:39–45
Valgas C, Souza SM, Smânia EF, Smânia A Jr (2007) Screening methods to determine antibacterial activity of natural products. Braz J Microbiol 38:369–380
Rani P, Sen G, Mishra S, Jha U (2012) Microwave assisted synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted gum ghatti and its application as flocculant. Carbohyd Polym 89:275–281
Kaith BS, Ranjta S (2010) Synthesis of pH – Thermosensitive gum arabic based hydrogel and study of its salt-resistant swelling behavior for saline water treatment. Desalin Water Treat 24:28–37
He D, Susanto H, Ulbricht M (2009) Photo-irradiation for preparation, modification and stimulation of polymeric membranes. Prog Polym Sci 34:62–98
Zohuriaan-Mehr MJ, Motazedi Z, Kabiri K, Ershad-Langroudi A (2005) New super‐absorbing hydrogel hybrids from gum arabic and acrylic monomers. J Macromol Sci Part A: Pure Appl Chem 42:1655–1666
Kabiri K, Zohuriaan-Mehr MJ (2004) Superabsorbent hydrogels from concentrated solution terpolymerization. Iran Polym J 13:423–430
Sharma K, Kaith BS, Kumar V, Kumar V, Som S, Kalia S, Swart HC (2013) Synthesis and properties of poly(acrylamide-aniline)-grafted Gum ghatti based nanospikes. RSC Adv 3:25830–25839
Kaith BS, Jindal R, Mittal H, Kumar K (2012) Synthesis, characterization, and swelling behavior evaluation of hydrogels based on gum ghatti and acrylamide for selective absorption of saline from different petroleum fraction–saline emulsions. J Appl Polym Sci 124:2037–2047
Pourjavadi A, Mahdavinia GR (2006) Superabsorbency, pH-sensitivity and swelling kinetics of partially hydrolyzed chitosan-g-poly(acrylamide) hydrogels. Turkish J Chem 30:595–608
Cheng Z, Li J, Yan J, Kang L, Ru X, Liu M (2013) Synthesis and properties of a novel superabsorbent polymer composite from microwave irradiated waste material cultured Auricularia auricula and poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide). J Appl Polym Sci 130:3674–3681
Fasiku VO, Aderibigbe BA, Sadiku ER, Lemmer Y, Owonubi SJ, Ray SS, Mukwevho E (2019) Polyethylene glycol–gum acacia-based multidrug delivery system for controlled delivery of anticancer drugs. Polym Bull 76:5011–5037
Mbhele ZH, Salemane MG, van Sittert CGCE, Nedeljković JM, Djoković V, Luyt AS (2003) Fabrication and characterization of silver–polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites. Chem Mater 15:5019–5024
Li Y, Sun ZZ, Rong JC, Xie B-B (2021) Comparative genomics reveals broad genetic diversity, extensive recombination and nascent ecological adaptation in Micrococcus luteus. BMC Genomics 22:124
Yang S, Sugawara S, Monodane T, Nishijima M, Adachi Y, Akashi S, Miyake K, Hase S, Takada H (2001) Micrococcus luteus Teichuronic Acids Activate Human and Murine Monocytic Cells in a CD14- and Toll-Like Receptor 4-Dependent Manner. Infect Immun 69:2025–2030
Feng Y, Mannion A, Madden CM, Swennes AG, Townes C, Byrd C, Marini RP, Fox JG (2017) Cytotoxic Escherichia coli strains encoding colibactin and cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF) colonize laboratory macaques. Gut Pathog 9:71
Lindström K, Mousavi SA (2019) Effectiveness of nitrogen fixation in rhizobia. Microb Biotechnol 13:1314–1335
Wu M, Li X (2015) Chapter 87 - Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In: Tang YW, Sussman M, Liu D, Poxton I, Schwartzman J (eds) Molecular Medical Microbiology, (Second Edition), vol 3, Academic Press, pp 1547–1564. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397169-2.00087-1
Tong SYC, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG Jr (2015) Staphylococcus aureus infections: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 28:603–661
Hu B, Owh C, Chee PL, Leow WR, Liu X, Wu Y-L, Guo P, Loh XJ, Chen X (2018) Supramolecular hydrogels for antimicrobial therapy. Chem Soc Rev 47:6917
Li S, Dong S, Xu W, Tu S, Yan L, Zhao C, Ding J, Chen X (2018) Antibacterial hydrogels. Adv Sci 5:1700527
Drlica K, Malik M, Kerns RJ, Zhao X (2008) Quinolone-mediated bacterial death. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:385–392
Vakulenko SB, Mobashery S (2003) Versatility of aminoglycosides and prospects for their future. Clin Microbiol Rev 16:430–450
Mohan YM, Vimal K, Thomas V, Varaprasad K, Sreedhar B, Bajpai SK, Raju KM (2010) Controlling of silver nanoparticles structure by hydrogel networks. J Colloid Interface Sci 342:73–82
Yan B, Mu Q, Jiang G, Chen L, Zhou H, Fourches D, Tropsha A (2014) Chemical basis of interactions between engineered nanoparticles and biological systems. Chem Rev 114:7740–7781
Morones JR, Elechiguerra JL, Camacho A, Holt K, Kouri JB, Ramirez JT, Yacaman MJ (2005) The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles. Nanotech 16:2346–2353
Sharma AK, Kaith BS, Shanker U, Gupta B (2020) γ-radiation induced synthesis of antibacterial silver nanocomposite scaffolds derived from natural gum Boswellia serrata. J Drug Deliv Sci Tech 56:101550
Dibrov P, Dzioba J, Gosink KK, Häse CC (2002) Chemiosmotic mechanism of antimicrobial activity of Ag+ in Vibrio cholera. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:2668–2670
Shukla AK, Alam J, Ansari MA, Alhoshan M, Alam M, Kaushik A (2019) Selective ion removal and antibacterial activity of silver-doped multi-walled carbon nanotube/ polyphenylsulfone nanocomposite membranes. Mater Chem Phy 233:102–112
Vellora Thekkae Padil V, Nguyen NH, Ševců A, Černík M (2015) Fabrication, characterization, and antibacterial properties of electrospun membrane composed of gum karaya, polyvinyl alcohol, and silver nanoparticles. J Nanomater 2015:10. Article ID 750726
Talodthaisong C, Boonta W, Thammawithan S, Patramanon R, Kamonsutthipaijit N, Hutchison JA, Kulchat S (2020) Composite guar gum-silver nanoparticle hydrogels as self-healing, injectable, and antibacterial biomaterials. Mater Today Commun 24:100992
Deka R, Sarma S, Patar P, Gogoi P, Sarmah JK (2020) Highly stable silver nanoparticles containing guar gum modified dual network hydrogel for catalytic and biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 248:116786
Yavari Maroufi L, Ghorbani M (2022) Development of a novel antibacterial hydrogel Scaffold based on guar gum/ooly (methylvinylether-alt-maleic Acid) containing cinnamaldehyde-loaded Chitosan nanoparticles. J Polym Environ 30:431–442
Ghaffari-Moghaddam M, Eslahi H (2014) Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial properties of a novel nanocomposite based on polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol/Ag. Arab J Chem 7:846–855
Fadakar Sarkandi A, Montazer M, Harifi T, Mahmoudi Rad M (2021) Innovative preparation of bacterial cellulose/silver nanocomposite hydrogels: In situ green synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial properties. J Appl Polym Sci 138:e49824
Acknowledgements
One of the authors Kashma Sharma is thankful to the University Grant Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India, for support through Post-Doctoral Fellowship for Women [F.15-1/2017/PDFWM-2017-18-HIM-51703(SA-II).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The manuscript was written with contributions from all authors. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Virk, K., Sharma, K., Kapil, S. et al. Synthesis of gum acacia-silver nanoparticles based hydrogel composites and their comparative anti-bacterial activity. J Polym Res 29, 118 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-022-02978-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-022-02978-8