Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Exploring the Promise of Eudaimonic Well-Being Within the Practice of Health Promotion: The “How” is as Important as the “What”

  • Published:
Journal of Happiness Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A brief historical and philosophical analysis suggests that the biomedical model and prevention have been the pillars of health promotion practices with the underlying assumption that these concepts provide answers to people’s health woes. Another observation resulting from this analysis is that biomedical, prevention, and more recently, wellness, do not differ much from each other paradigmatically (e.g., instrumental rationality) and, hence, are severely restricted in their short- and long-term effectiveness for helping people with healthy living and quality of life. It is proposed that eudaimonic well-being—if explored, understood, and implemented in a manner that holds true to the purity of the concept—offers significant promise for shifts in health promotion practices that may lead to transformative health experiences and enhanced quality of life.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen-Collinson, J., & Hockey, J. (2001). Runners’ tales: Autoethnography, injury and narrative. Auto/Biography, 9, 95–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonovsky, A. (1979). Health, stress and coping. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonovsky, A. (1996). The salutogenic model as a theory to guide health promotion. Health Promotion International, 11, 11–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ardell, D. (n.d.). What is wellness? Retrieved November 13, 2009, from http://www.seekwellness.com.

  • Arloski, M. (2007). Wellness coaching for lasting lifestyle change. Duluth, MN: Whole Person Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baer, H., Hays, J., McClendon, N., McGoldrick, N., & Vespucci, R. (1998). The holistic health movement in the San Francisco bay area: Some preliminary observations. Social Science in Medicine, 47, 1495–1501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Besenski, L. (2009). Health-enhancing physical activity and eudaimonic well-being. (Master’s thesis, University of Saskatchewan). Retrieved from http://library2.usask.ca/theses/available/etd-08272009-161552/.

  • Blanck, H., Gillespie, C., Khan, L., Serdula, M., Solera, M., Mokdad, A., et al. (2007). Fruit and vegetable consumption among adults: United States, 2005. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, 56, 213–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, D. (2000). An ethic for health promotion: Rethinking the sources of human well-being. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckingham, M. (2001). Now discover your strengths. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capra, F. (1982). The turning point: Science society, and the rising culture. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright, M., Wardle, J., Steggles, N., Simon, A., Croker, H., & Jarvis, M. (2003). Stress and dietary practices in adolescents. Health Psychology, 22, 362–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catlin, T., Simoes, E., & Brownson, R. (2003). Environmental and policy factors associated with overweight among adults in Missouri. American Journal of Health Promotion, 17, 249–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clawson, J., & Newburg, D. (2008). Powered by feel: How individuals, teams and companies excel. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific.

  • Costa, P., & McCrae, R. (1981). Stress, smoking motives, and psychological well-being: The illusory benefits of smoking. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 3, 125–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement in everyday life. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I. (1988). Measurement of flow in everyday life: Introduction to Part IV. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness (pp. 251–265). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dale, G. (1996). Existential phenomenology: Emphasizing the experience of the athlete in sport psychology. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 307–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Suh, E., Lucas, R., & Smith, H. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, H. (1961). High level wellness. Arlington, VA: Beatty Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, H., McDonald, S., & Young, S. (2009). The repertory grid technique: Its place in empirical software engineering research. Information and Software Technology, 51, 785–798.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, G., Voelkl, J., & Morris, C. (1994). Measurement and analysis issues with explanation of variance in daily experience using the flow model. Journal of Leisure Research, 26, 337–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, G. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196, 129–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ezzati, M., Martin, H., Skjold, S., Vander Hoorn, S., & Murray, C. (2006). Trends in national and state-level obesity in the USA after correction for self-report bias: analysis of health surveys. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 99, 250–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahlberg, L. A. (2004). The human world of meaning: An interpretive study of “health behavior.” Unpublished manuscript.

  • Fahlberg, L. L., & Fahlberg, L. A. (1990). From treatment to health enhancement: Psychological considerations in exercise components of health promotion programs. The Sport Psychologist, 4, 168–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahlberg, L. L., & Fahlberg, L. A. (1994). A human science for health: An overview. Health Values, 18, 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahlberg, L. L., & Fahlberg, L. A. (1997). Wellness re-examined: A cross-cultural perspective. American Journal of Health Studies, 13, 8–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahlberg, L. L., Poulin, A., Girdano, G., & Dusek, D. (1991). Empowerment as an emerging approach in health education. Journal of Health Education, 22, 185–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankl, V. (1963). Man’s search for meaning. New York: Pocket Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. (2009). Positivity: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. New York: Crown Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friere, P. (1973). Education for critical consciousness. New York: Seabury Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gendlin, E. (1997). Experiencing and the creation of meaning: A philosophical and psychological approach to the subjective. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. (Original work published 1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • George, S., & Thomas, S. (2010). Lived experience of diabetes among older, rural people. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66, 1092–1100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodall, H. (2008). Writing qualitative inquiry: Self, stories, and academic life. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granger, D. (2006). John Dewey, Robert Pirsig, and the art of living. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, L., Richard, L., & Potvin, L. (1996). Ecological foundations of health promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion, 10, 270–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammonds, K. (2004). Balance is bunk! Fast Company, p. 68. Retrieved February 22, 2005 from http://pf.fastcompany.com/magazine/87/balance-1.html.

  • Held, B. S. (2002). The Tyranny of the positive attitude in America: Observation and speculation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 965–991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Held, B. (2004). The negative side of positive psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 44, 9–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, L., Stewart, S., Warren, D., & Meek, L. (2008). Toward a sustainable myth of self: An existential response to the postmodern condition. Journal of Humanistic Psychology OnlineFirst 1–39.

  • Institute of Medicine. (2006). Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: An unmet public health problem. Washington, D.C.

  • Jackson, S., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Flow in sports: The keys to optimal experiences and performances. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joly, N. (2008). Biodynamic wine demystified. San Francisco, CA: Wine Appreciation Guild.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagee, A., & Dixon, D. (2000). Worldview and health promoting behavior: A causal model. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 163–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Scwartz, N. (1999). Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. (2000). Two pathways to prevention. American Psychologist, 55, 382–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson, N., Loewenstein, G., & McCafferty, J. (2004). The economics of meaning. Nordic Journal of Political Economy, 30, 61–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashdan, T., Biswas-Diener, R., & King, L. (2008). Reconsidering happiness: The cost of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 219–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, G. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs: A theory of personality (Vol. 1). New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiecolt-Glaser, J., McGuire, L., Robles, T., & Glaser, R. (2002). Emotions, morbidity, and mortality: New perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 83–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimiecik, J. (1998). YPersonal fitness: Twelve weeks to a better you. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimiecik, J. (2002). The intrinsic exerciser: Discovering the joy of exercise. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimiecik, J. & Newburg, D. (2006). The well-being way group facilitator training guide.

  • Kimiecik, J., & Newburg, D. (2009). Runner as hero: The inner quest of becoming a runner or athlete or just about anything… at any age. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimiecik, J., Poetter, T., & Newburg, D. (2009). The well-being way for young people mentor playbook and guide.

  • Kimieck, J., & Lawson, H. (1996). Toward new approaches for exercise behavior change and health promotion. Quest, 48, 102–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krane, V. (2005). Using ethnography in applied sport psychology. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 87–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, E. (1989). Mindfulness. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, E. (2009). Counter clockwise: Mindful health and the power of possibility. New York: Ballantine Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, R. (2006). Positive youth development, willful adolescents, and mentoring. Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 677–689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. (1999). Health habits and psychological well-being among young, middle-aged and older Australian women. British Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 301–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H., Prohaska, T. R., & Hirschman, R. S. (1985). Preventive health behavior across the life-span. In J. C. Rosen & L. J. Solomon (Eds.), Prevention in health psychology (pp. 191–235). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, B., Slade, M., Kunkel, S., & Kasl, S. (2002). Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 261–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, P., Zullig, K., Kimiecik, J., Ward, R., & Horn, T. (2010). Evaluating a well-being enhancement process: Connecting eudaimonia with healthy living. Manuscript submitted for publication.

  • Lindstrom, B., & Eriksson, M. (2006). Contextualizing salutogenesis and Antonovsky in public health development. Health Promotion International, 21, 238–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Longino, C. (1997). Beyond the body: An emerging medical paradigm, American Demographics, (pp. 1–3). Retrieved June 10, 1999 from http://www.deomographics.com.

  • Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). The how of happiness: A new approach to getting the life you want. London: Penguin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGinnis, J., & Foege, W. (1993). Actual causes of death in the United States. JAMA, 270, 2207–2212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeroy, K., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., & Glanz, K. (1988). An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Quarterly, 15, 351–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miquelon, P., & Vallerand, R. J. (2006). Goal motives, well-being, and physical health: Happiness and self-realization as psychological resources under challenge. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 259–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M., & Boothroyd, L. (2006). The obesity epidemic: A confidence crisis calling for professional coaches (white paper). Retrieved January 8, 2008 from http://wellcoaches.com/images/whitepaper.pdf.

  • Moore, M., & Highstein, G. (2004). Principles of behavioral psychology in wellness coaching. Presented/published by the International Coach Federation’s Coaching Research Symposium. Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.

  • National Wellness Institute. (2009). Defining wellness. Retrieved November 24, 2009 from http://www.nationalwellness.org/index.php?id_tier=2&id_c=26.

  • Nettle, D. (2006). Happiness: The science behind your smile. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newburg, D. (1993). The role of freedom in the performance of a professional musician and an Olympic swimmer. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.

  • Newburg, D. (2009). The most important lesson no one every taught me. Lexington, KY: CreateSpace.

  • Newburg, D., Kimiecik, J., Durand-Bush, N., & Doell, K. (2002). The role of resonance in performance excellence and life engagement. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 249–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholas, D., & Gobble, D. (1991). World views, systems theory, and health promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion, 6, 30–34, 54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nix, G., Ryan, R., Manly, J., & Deci, E. (1999). Revitalization through self-regulation: The effects of autonomous and controlled motivation on happiness and vitality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 266–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noddings, N. (1992). Excellence as a guide to educational conversation. Philosophy of Education. Retrieved December 3, 2009 from http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/92_docs/Noddings.HTM.

  • Norton, D. (1976). Personal destinies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell, M. (2009). Definition of health promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion, 24, iv.

  • Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 603–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelletier, K. (1994). Sound mind, sound body. New York: Simon & Schuster.

  • Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentristy. (2008). Smoking doesn’t make you happy. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 6, 2010, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080306103842.htm.

  • Polkinghorne, D. E. (2001). The self and humanistic psychology. In K. J. Schneider, J. F. Bugental, & J. F. Pierson (Eds.), The handbook of humanistic psychology: Leading edges in theory, research and practice (pp. 81–99). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, M., & Rafftery, A. (2005). Healthy lifestyle characteristics among adults in the United States, 2000. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165, 854–857.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richmond, J. (1979). Healthy people: The Surgeon General’s Report on health promotion and disease prevention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

  • Robison, J. (2004). Reinventing the profession. Absolute Advantage, 6, 7–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robison, J., & Carrier, K. (1999). Reinventing health promotion: Moving from biomedical, risk-factor control to holistic health and healing. Wellness Management, 14, 8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolfe, G. (2004). Motivational interviewing: A hammer looking for a nail? Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 11, 494–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review Psychology, 52, 141–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, 65, 529–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R., Huta, V., & Deci, E. (2008). Living well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 139–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C., & Singer, B. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Love, G. D. (2004a). Positive health: Connecting well-being with biology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 359, 1383–1394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C., Singer, B., & Palmershein, K. (2004b). Social inequalities in health and well-being: The role of relational and religious protective factors. In O. G. Brim, C. D. Ryff, & R. C. Kessler (Eds.), How healthy are we?: A national study of well-being at midlife (pp. 90–123). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapkota, S., Bowles, H., Ham, S., & Kohl, H. (2005). Adult participation in recommended levels of physical activity: United States 2001 and 2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, 54, 1208–1212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, G. (1982). Testing the biopsychosocial model: The ultimate challenge facing behavioral medicine. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 1040–1053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K., & Elliot, A. (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordant model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 482–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K., & Kasser, T. (1998). Pursuing personal goals: Skills enable progress but not all progress is beneficia. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 546–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Kasser, T. (2004). The independent effects of goal contents and motives on well-being: Its both what you pursue and why you pursue it. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 475–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solas, J. (1992). Investigating teacher and student thinking about the process of teaching and learning using autobiography and repertory grid. Review of Educational Research, 62, 205–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparkes, A. (2000). Autoethnography and narratives of the self: Reflections on the criteria in action. Sociology of Sport Journal, 17, 21–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stetson, B., Rahn, J., Dubbert, P., Wilner, B., & Mercury, M. (1997). Prospective evaluation of the effects of stress on exercise adherence in community-residing women. Health Psychology, 16, 515–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strain, L. (1996). Lay explanations of chronic illness in later life. Journal of Aging and Health, 8, 3–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sugarman, J. (2007). Practical rationality and the questionable promise of positive psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 47, 175–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, T. (2004). The YMCA activate America: Pioneering healthier communities conference, September 9–10, Washington, D.C.

  • Tudor-Locke, C., & Bassett, D., Jr. (2004). How many steps/day are enough? Preliminary pedometer indices for public health. Sports Medicine, 34, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ueland, B. (1993). Tell me more: On the fine art of listening. Retrieved November 23, 2009 from www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/ctahr2001/rrii/…/Tell_Me_More_Euland.pdf.

  • Valle, R., King, M., & Halling, S. (1989). An introduction to existential-phenomenological thought in psychology. In R. Valle & S. Halling (Eds.), Existential-phenomenological perspectives in psychology (pp. 3–16). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallerstein, N. (1992). Powerlessness, empowerment, and health: Implications for health promotion programs. American Journal of Health Promotion, 6, 197–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waterman, A. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (Eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 678–691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weschler, L. (1982). Seeing is forgetting the name of the thing one sees: A life of contemporary artist Robert Irwin. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westcott, M. (1988). The psychology of human freedom: A human science perspective and critique. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winslow, R. (2004). Heart attacks across the globe are linked to nine risk factors. The Wall Street Journal, B4.

  • Woolfolk, R., & Wasserman, R. (2005). Count no one happy: Eudaimonia and positive psychology. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 25, 81–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yusuf, S., Hawken, S., Ounpuu, S., Dans, T., Avezun, A., Lanas, F., et al. (2004). Effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet, 364, 937–952.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Doug Newburg for his unwavering support over the years. I would also like to thank one anonymous reviewer whose thorough critique made this manuscript much better.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, Phillips Hall, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA

    Jay Kimiecik

Authors
  1. Jay Kimiecik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jay Kimiecik.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kimiecik, J. Exploring the Promise of Eudaimonic Well-Being Within the Practice of Health Promotion: The “How” is as Important as the “What”. J Happiness Stud 12, 769–792 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9226-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9226-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation