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A study on the precipitation in Izmir, Turkey: chemical composition and source apportionment by receptor models

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Abstract

The chemistry of rainwater was studied in three sites of a metropolitan city of Turkey to determine the spatial variation, sources affecting composition and the extent of their influence. The acidity of rainwater, Ca, Co, Cr, Zn, Ba, V and Ni showed significant spatial variations. The most of measured species were moderately to extremely enriched compared to the local soil, which is likely arisen from the anthropogenic activities. SO4 2−, K and Ca were found to be predominantly non-sea origin. Two receptor models, Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB), agreed well on the source contribution estimations of Al, K, Zn, V, Pb and Cr. The PMF and CMB resolved very similar source contribution profiles to the elemental concentrations of Ca, Zn, V, Pb, K and Na, which the majority of those resulted from mineral industries, bell casting+steel industries, fossil fuel burning, biomass burning+sea salt and sea salt, respectively. The PMF resolved the source contributions of long-transported emissions, particularly for Ba, Sr and Mn, which could not be estimated by the CMB.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful for valuable support of Izmir Regional Meteorological Office and the personnel of Bornova, Çiğli and Adnan Menderes Meteorological stations. We would like to thank Dr. Yetkin Dumanoglu for ionic analysis of samples and Dr. Mustafa Odabasi for guiding this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Crocker Nuclear Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

    Sinan Yatkin

  2. Turkish State Meteorological Service, Alanya, Turkey

    Mutlu Adali

  3. Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey

    Abdurrahman Bayram

Authors
  1. Sinan Yatkin
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  2. Mutlu Adali
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  3. Abdurrahman Bayram
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Correspondence to Sinan Yatkin.

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Yatkin, S., Adali, M. & Bayram, A. A study on the precipitation in Izmir, Turkey: chemical composition and source apportionment by receptor models. J Atmos Chem 73, 241–259 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-015-9325-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-015-9325-1

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