Attitudes of Dutch Pig Farmers Towards Tail Biting and Tail Docking

The Dutch policy objective of a fully sustainable livestock sector without mutilations by 2023 is not compatible with the routine practice of tail docking to minimize the risk of tail biting. To examine farmer attitudes towards docking, a telephone survey was conducted among 487 conventional and 33 organic Dutch pig farmers. “Biting” (of tails, ears, or limbs) was identified by the farmers as a main welfare problem in pig farming. About half of the farmers reported to have no tail biting problems in their own herd. When farmers did report problems, they most often reported figures between 1 and 5 % of the animals. High incidences of tail biting were anticipated when trying to keep undocked pigs. Enrichment materials used in the conventional sector included mainly chains (52–63 % of the farms) and hanging rubber or plastic balls (22–30 %). Straw, sawdust, or wood shavings was hardly provided in conventional pig farming (2–3 %), in contrast to organic farming (88–100 % of farms). Conventional pig farmers feel a curly tail is not very important for sustainable pig farming. They consider enrichment to be less effective and tail docking to be less stressful for them and their piglets than their organic colleagues do. Pig farmers identified climate as a main risk factor for tail biting as opposed to enrichment. The objective of reducing routine tail docking requires solutions for dealing with tail biting problems at the farm level. In this process, transfer of scientific knowledge about enrichment materials and other measures to prevent and cure tail biting is critical, as is a change in farmer attitudes and awareness of the moral issues involved.


Introduction
Animal welfare is an important issue in today's agriculture. The former Dutch Minister of Agriculture has stated that she wanted all interventions on animals abolished by 2023 (LNV 2007) because this raises concerns about animal welfare (Weary and Fraser 2004) and about animal integrity (Bovenkerk et al. 2002;EFSA 2007a). One of the interventions is tail docking, which is routinely used in conventional pig farming around the world to prevent tail biting. It is painful for the piglets and even may cause chronic pain (Simonsen et al. 1991;Done et al. 2003;Herskin et al. 2010). Not docking tails however is also seen as negative for the welfare and health of the piglets because this may cause more severe tail biting . Tail biting is an abnormal behavior during which pigs bite or nibble on the tails of pen mates. This damages the tail of the bitten pigs and may lead to a bleeding tail which can induce cannibalism and increase the chance of infections. Besides welfare problems, this also may lead to economic losses because of a decrease in the growth of the pigs, early death, and/or the disapproval of carcasses by the slaughterhouse (EFSA 2007a). Zonderland et al. ( 2011) calculated an economic loss to the Dutch pig sector of about eight million Euro's annually. Surgical docking is a major strategy to prevent tail biting (Bracke et al. 2004), because it removes (most of the) tail such that less of the tail is left for other pigs to bite on, and because the tail stump becomes more sensitive such that potential victims respond more vigorously when their tails are being manipulated (Simonsen et al. 1991). Pig farmers thus probably will resist if tail docking is prohibited, especially because outbreaks of tail biting can cause health problems in victimized pigs such as abscesses, lameness, and even death due to cannibalism (EFSA 2007a) and may lead to further increase in economic losses and reduced job satisfaction for the farmers. Tail docking however is not the only measure to prevent tail biting as it is a multifactorial problem where the absence of enrichment material, lack of space, selection for lean meat, inadequate nutrition, uncomfortable climate, poor health, group size, and animal-related factors such as age, sex and tail length play a role as well (Schröder-Petersen and Simonsen 2001;Bracke et al. 2004;EFSA 2007a;Zonderland 2010;Spoolder et al. 2011). In addition, tail docking is not sufficient: tail biting also happens in docked pigs (EFSA 2007a). This means that management measures such as the provision of enrichment materials can reduce the need for tail docking. Pig farmers thus play an important role because they must be able and willing to take extra measures to prevent tail biting.
The Netherlands has a substantial pig industry. The numbers of conventional pigs living on farms was 12.3 million for the year 2010 (CBS data cited from Hopster et al. 2011, p. 14). These pigs were kept on 2951 farms raising sows and weaned piglets (average 416 sows per farm) and 5952 farms with growing/finishing pigs (992 pigs per farm). In 2010 125.516 organic pigs were kept on 100 farms (2,000 pigs per farm; Rotgers and Visser 2011). In numbers the organic sector is small compared to conventional farming, but with respect to animal welfare (the attitudes in) the organic sector may serve as an example for conventional farming .
The study presented in the underlying paper aims to get a better understanding of farmer attitudes with regard to tail biting and tail docking, the risks they perceive with regard to tail biting and their willingness to take other measures besides tail docking on the farm to prevent tail biting and to get insight into the main conditions allowing them to stop the practice of tail biting.
Although the study focusses on conventional pig farming, a comparison was made as well with the opinions and experiences of organic pig farmers because tail docking is not allowed in organic farming.

Materials and Methods
A telephone survey was carried out from the end of October until half of November 2008. The questionnaire (see Appendix) was composed based on earlier workshops with farmers on this matter (Workel et al. 2007) and results from interviews with stakeholders . The concept of the questionnaire was tested by telephone in three pilot interviews with farm managers of experimental pig farms. The survey was carried out by a specialized marketing agency (Entrada Market Research, Wageningen).
Animal categories of interest to this study were weaned piglets, growing/ fattening pigs, and (rearing) gilts. Weaned piglets are 4-10 weeks old piglets meant for meat production. They become a growing/fattening pig or porker from 10 weeks of age (from about 25 kg to about 100 kg body weight). A rearing gilt is a 4-10 weeks old weaned piglet meant for the reproduction of (weaned) piglets and porkers for meat production. To collect information about these animals several farm types were included in this study: reproduction/sow farms for the production of (weaned) piglets for meat production, meat/growing-finishing farms raising porkers from 10 weeks of age, closed farms with both (weaned) piglets for meat production and growing/finishing pigs and breeding farms for raising gilts intended for reproduction. In the conventional pig industry, finishing farms were required to have a minimum of 500 fattening pigs and sow farms a minimum of 100 sows to participate in the randomly sampled survey.
The limits for participation were purposely set high because the larger farms will provide a better (or more realistic) representation of tail biting incidences and risk factors. Moreover these farms are the ones who will have to deal with the transition of stopping with tail docking. Organic farms that participated to this survey did not have to convey to the lower limits.
To assess whether the answers to the questions related to farm sizes, the farms were classified in four categories: ''small,'' ''average,'' ''large'' and ''very large.'' For the conventional farms, 6 were classified as small, 186 as average, 138 as large and 127 very large. For the organic participants 18 farms were classified as small, 9 as average, and 3 as large. Attitudes of Dutch Pig Farmers Towards Tail Biting 849 The questionnaire consisted of 76 questions (see Appendix). Mostly quantitative (closed) answer categories were used. The questionnaire was structured as follows: 17 questions about farm characteristics (such as type of farm, number of animals, breeds, number of animals per pen, farm results, and used enrichments); one question about welfare issues in the pig industry; 28 statements about attitudes of pig farmers towards tail biting and docking; 9 questions about solving tail biting problems by farmers; 9 questions about risk factors for tail biting; 6 statements about conditions required for stopping tail docking.
Agreement with statements was assessed using Likert scales (see De Lauwere et al. 2009).
Results were analyzed in SPPS 15.0.1 (SPSS 2008). Univariate analyses were done to assess difference in tail biting between animal categories and farm types.
Chi-square tests were used to examine relationships with farm type and farm size.

Results
For this study 1.292 pig farmers were contacted by phone. The response rate was 59.7 %. Of the respondents 487 (93.5 %) had a conventional farm and 33 (6.3 %) had an organic farm. The distribution of farm types (Table 1) was in accordance with the national average, but the farms were somewhat larger than average. The percentage of closed and growing/finishing farms was 29.5 % and 32.6 % respectively. Based on statistics of the Corporation-Information Network of the LEI, participating closed farms had on average 65 sows and 653 fattening pigs more than the national average. Surveyed sow and finishing farms had respectively 142 sows and 488 fattening pigs more than the average farm.
In the conventional sector the majority of the fattening and weaned pigs were housed in pens with 10-15 pigs. On organic farms prevalent group sizes were 16-30 pigs. Most conventional farmers stated that their farming results were above average. Only 1.6 % said that the farm results were less than average. Of the organic farmers 45.5 % reported better production than average. Conventional farms usually provide a chain as enrichment for pigs (52-63 % depending on farm type), rarely straw (2.1-3.1 %) or roughage (0.0-1.9 %). No enrichment at all was reported in 0.0-0.7 % of the conventional farms. Organic farms most commonly used straw as enrichment material: usually in combination with other materials (88-100 %). Roughage (5.9 and 35.7 %) and chains (11.8 and 35.7 %) were used more often for fattening pigs than for weaned pigs.
No significant differences of tail biting prevalence between animal categories or farm types (conventional versus organic) were found. A trend was found that (gilt) breeding farms reported more tail biting than conventional sow farms (on average 2.2 and 1.3 % respectively p = 0.05).
The onset of tail biting appeared to be several weeks later in weaned breeding gilts compared to weaned pigs. Tail lengths of these animal categories differ: most farmers reported leaving one quarter of the tail in weaners and one-third of the tail in breeding gilts.
Of conventional farmers 66 % (n = 322) stated that they had never tried to stop tail docking. Of the farmers who had tried, 49 % stated that tail biting had consequently occurred in 20 % or more of the undocked animals ( Fig. 2).
At the question what level of tail biting was considered severe (bite marks/ wounds/infection in one/several animals) most conventional (28 %) and organic (30 %) pig farmers responded ''one animal showing a tail wound.'' The respondents were also asked what were the most important problems regarding pig welfare. 15 % of the conventional farmers saw no welfare problems, and 35 % had no knowledge or no opinion on the subject. Of issues identified ''biting'' was mentioned by 8 and 9 %, ''lack of space'' by 8 and 24 %, and ''disease'' by 7 and 3 % of conventional and organic farmers respectively. ''Biting'' included biting in tails, ears, legs, and cannibalism. Within this category the term ''tail biting'' was mentioned in 62 % of cases and ''ear biting'' in 38 % of cases.
Strikingly, ''interference and patronizing'' by consumers and citizens were also identified as pig welfare problems. Communication, too many regulations and erroneous perceptions of the public about the needs of pigs and pig husbandry were emphasized here. Within the category ''other,'' boredom and more enrichment material was mentioned five times, as was ''group housing (for sows).'' Significant differences were found between conventional and organic pig farmers in response to statements about tail biting and tail docking (Table 2). Compared to organic farmers, conventional pig farmers viewed tail docking as a necessary procedure. They perceived it as less unpleasant to perform, less painful, and more suitable to prevent tail biting than organic pig farmers. They preferred to dock all tails rather than to risk tail biting even if it would concern just one bitten pig. They believed less in enrichment material, in the problem-solving ability of the sector (to stop tail docking within 15 years), and valued a curly tail less than organic farmers did. Conventional farmers were also less likely to appreciate the efforts of colleagues to stop tail docking.
Within the conventional sector, farmers with different farm types also differed significantly on the statement ''Farmers who attempt to stop docking do the sector a favor.'' Breeding farms significantly agreed more to the statement than sow farms, closed farms and growing/finishing farms (respectively average scores, standard deviations and number of farms were 4.2 ± 1.8, n = 23; 3.1 ± 1.6, n = 157; 3.3 ± 1.7, n = 139; 3.2 ± 1.7, n = 147; F = 2.7; p = 0.048). No significant differences were found within the organic sector.
With respect to measures that can be taken when tail biting arises, conventional pig farmers believed that providing antibiotics to bitten animals (p \ 0.001) and clipping or grinding the teeth of biting pigs (p \ 0.01) was more useful, and providing extra enrichment or diversion material was less useful (p \ 0.001) compared to the opinions of organic farmers. The opinions of conventional and organic farmers did not differ on other measures such as removing biters or bitten animals, improving stable climate, dimming light and using repellents. Whereas the two latter measures were among the least important (average score of about two on a scale from 1 to 4) notably the measure ''dimming of light'' was nevertheless still regarded as (very) useful by as many as 30-40 % of the conventional farmers. Within the sectors (conventional and organic farming) no differences were found between farm types. Respondents were also asked which measures they took themselves when tail biting occurred on their farm. The measures ''removing biters from the group'' and ''removing bitten animals from the group'' were most popular among conventional pig farmers (39 and 37 % respectively). The same was true for organic pig farmers (42 and 23 %), but they also frequently mentioned ''providing extra enrichment and diversion material'' or ''tail biting does not occur'' (32 and 26 %, compared to 19 and 18 % in conventional farming). Improving climate was a measure more often taken by organic farmers (13 %) than conventional pig farmers (8 %). Clipping and grinding of teeth in case of a tail biting outbreak was done on 15.6 and 2.9 % of the conventional farms respectively. On organic farms this was 6.5 and 3.2 % respectively. Other less frequently used measures were application of repellents on pig tails (4.9 and 3.2 % in conventional and organic farming respectively) and dimming of light (1.6 and 0 % respectively). Some pig farmers reported taking ''other'' measures such as adjusting nutrition, adjusting pen density, or placing a rubber band or ring around the tail. Table 3 shows farmer views on risk factors for tail biting. Farmers considered climate to be most important. Conventional pig farmers believed that ''boredom'' (enrichment materials) is less important and tail length more important than organic farmers did. Within the conventional sector significant differences of opinion were found between farmers on different farm types for risk factors such as ''pen density,'' ''suboptimal climate,'' ''feeding system,'' and ''runts or decreased growth'' (p \ 0.05). Sow farmers thought these risk factors were more important than farmers with closed farms or with growing/finishing farms. The risk factor ''suboptimal climate'' was significantly more important for sow farmers and breeding farms than growing/finishing farms. Within the organic sector growing/ finishing farmers believed that ''race or breed'' was significantly more important than farmers with closed farms (average scores and standard deviations for organic growing/finishing farms and closed farms were 3.1 ± 0.7 (n = 12) and 2.1 ± 0.5 (n = 14) respectively, F = 15.9; p = 0.001). This was confirmed in our dataset in that a trend was found using a Chi-square test for more tail biting on growing/ fattening organic farms using Topigs20 pigs. Table 4 reflects the views of farmers on stopping tail docking in conventional pig farming. Not all statements applied to the organic sector because organic farmers do not dock tails, but when they did conventional and organic farmers often had different opinions. Conventional farmers would like to receive financial compensation from the government and were less likely to see market opportunities and less motivated to put effort into solving problems with tail biting and tail docking. Within the conventional sector farmers with different farm types had similar opinions. Organic growing/finishing farmers believed more than organic closed farms that the conventional sector should receive financial compensation from the government for the effort to stop tail docking (average scores and standard deviations were 3.9 ± 1.7 (n = 14) and 1.7 ± 12 (n = 17) respectively, F = 18.2; p = 0.000).
In the conventional sector, farms with an average size agreed more with the statement that straw can prevent tail biting problems in conventional farming compared to large and very large farms (p = 0.000). Small and average sized farms were more convinced that teeth clipping and grinding are useful measures to stop tail biting outbreaks (p = 0.042) and that boredom is an important risk factor for tail biting, than farmers on very large farms (p = 0.043). Very large farms were less Table 4 Agreement of pig farmers with statements about conditions that must be met such that conventional farmers can stop tail docking ( Avg, average scores, SD, standard deviations, on a scale of 1-6 with 1 = completely disagree and 6 = completely agree) likely to see market opportunities of keeping undocked pigs (p = 0.000) and were more likely to require additional payment for intact tails (p = 0.038) compared to small, average, and large farms. Very large farms were also more likely to think that the feeding system is an important risk factor for tail biting (p = 0.006).
In the organic sector large farms think repellents (anti-bite agents) on tails are a more effective measure against tail biting than small and average farms (p = 0.015). Organic farms with an average size thought suboptimal health is an important risk factor for tail biting, more than small farms do (p = 0.043). Small organic farms thought the race or breed is an important risk factor for tail biting, more than average farms do (p = 0.008).
Of the 487 conventional pig farmers who answered the question ''Would you participate in a practical follow-up study on tail biting and tail docking?'' 28.3 % (n = 138) answered affirmatively. These farmers distinguish themselves on several respects from pig farmers who declined. Pig farmers who were interested in a follow-up study agreed more with the statements: ''Docking is painful for piglets'' (p = 0.006), ''A curl in the tail is important for a sustainable pig husbandry and a good image'' (p = 0.004), ''Farmers who attempt to stop docking provide a service to the sector'' (p = 0.031) and ''The conventional sector should put more effort into the prevention of tail biting and the stopping of tail docking'' (p = 0.000). Pig farmers who were willing to participate in a follow-up study believed that removing bitten animals from the group was a less useful measure than respondents who did not want to participate (p = 0.011). Between these two groups no difference was found in the occurrence of tail biting on their farms and there was no relation with farm type or farm size.

Discussion
Tail biting causes welfare and health problems for the animals, economic losses for the farmers and a reduction in job satisfaction for the pig farmer (Bracke et al. 2004;Workel et al. 2007). Tail docking is routinely performed to minimize the risk of tail biting, but this practice does not solve the problem. In fact it only aggravates moral concern about pig farming (Harrison 1964;Singer 1975). Tail docking is not only a painful procedure, is also reduces the pigs' integrity. It is also not compatible with the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality's objective of a fully sustainable livestock sector without mutilations by 2023 (LNV 2007). Therefore it is important to find ways to reduce tail docking. Other housing or adjustment of current housing systems seem to offer opportunities (Moinard et al. 2003). Pig farmers play a crucial role in implementing solutions on the farm but they have to be prepared to take steps. The survey reported here was conducted to find out what the perceptions and attitudes of Dutch pig farmers are towards tail biting and tail docking.
To a large extent conventional farmers seem to prefer to deny that there are important welfare problems with pig farming, despite regular attention to pig welfare in the media. This may be related to the pig farmers' view that welfare is defined by proper health and production results (te Velde et al. 2002;Lassen et al. 2006;Bock and Van Huik 2007;De Rooij et al. 2010). This is in line with our finding that health issues were high on the farmers' welfare priority list (third, after space and biting). Of all welfare issues identified, ''biting'' was mentioned most frequently. This confirms that abnormal harmful behavior, including not only tail biting but especially also ear biting, is perceived to be a main pig welfare issue (see also Spoolder et al. 2011).
As many as 35-50 % of conventional pig farmers and over 50 % of the organic farmers reported that tail biting did not occur on their farms. Remarkably, the distribution of tail biting was not normal, but rather bi-modal (see Fig. 1). This pattern was also found by Taylor et al. (personal communication) who plotted tail biting frequencies in 172 (partly repeated) farm visits in the UK. Perhaps this distribution relates to the fact that tail biting occurs in ''outbreaks,'' more or less like disease outbreaks do (see also Bracke 2008;Zonderland 2010 […]Before carrying out these procedures, other measures shall be taken to prevent tail biting and other vices taking into account environment and stocking densities.'' Limited farmer compliance is also supported by the finding that farmers who did have experience with undocked pigs reported all kinds of frequency levels of subsequent tail biting in these undocked pigs (Fig. 2).
A further point related to compliance concerns the illegal practice of cutting the front teeth in case of a tail biting outbreak. This is done to prevent (potential) biters from causing further damage. In fact this is an even more crude measure against tail biting than tail docking, and one that should raise substantial moral concern. The results of this study led the Party for the Animals to ask questions to the Secretary of State who is responsible for pig farming. In response, the Ministry decided to initiate a route plan to ban tail docking and teeth cutting in the future (EL&I 2010(EL&I , 2011. According to conventional farmers. teeth cutting or grinding was considered to be reasonably valuable to combat tail biting (score 2.8 on a scale from 1 to 4), and organic farmers were significantly (p \ 0.01) less convinced that this was true (average 2.1). Overall, 65-70 % of farmers considered that cutting the teeth was useful or very useful.
On average 15.6 % of conventional farmers reported cutting teeth themselves in case of tail biting. This is probably an under-representation of reality, because at least some farmers will have been aware that they were reporting an illegal practice. Out of 23 breeding farms participating in our survey 0 % reported this measure, while 18.1 % of closed farms did so. The low percentage in breeding farms is probably due to the fact that the questionnaire focused on young breeding gilts (until 25 kg), rather than on the older breeding gilts, where tail biting is more of a problem (due to, among others, restricted feeding). In addition, farmers of breeding gilts are more experienced in ''proper'' communication (as their business entails selling gilts to other farmers). The percentages of teeth grinding are much lower (2.9 %) than teeth cutting (15.5 %) as the former is done mainly on young piglets in the farrowing pen in case of damage to the udder and it is not as practical in tail biting outbreaks in older, heavier pigs.
Both in weaned piglets and in older growing/fattening pigs, farmers that had reported less tail biting on their farm (\1 %) reported lower levels of teeth cutting (on average about 15 %), while this percentage increased to 34 and 41 % for weaners and growers/finishers respectively when farmers had reported higher levels of tail biting (C5 %). These findings from our survey confirm that the issue regarding teeth cutting should be taken seriously, and that the moral problems related to barren housing of pigs do not only extend to tail biting and tail docking, but also to pain involved due to the farmers' attempts to solve tail biting outbreaks using teeth cutting.
Another point concerns the use of enrichment materials. EC Directive 2001/93 prescribes that pigs must have permanent access to a sufficient quantity of material to enable proper investigation and manipulation activities, such as straw, hay, wood, sawdust, mushroom compost, peat, or a mixture of such. Whereas organic farmers provided straw, saw dust, or wood shavings (88-100 % of farms), conventional farmers provided a chain (52-63 % of the farms depending on the farm type) and/or a hanging rubber or plastic ball (22-30 % of the farms), rather than straw, sawdust or wood shavings (2-3 % of the farms). Several scientific publications indicate that toys are inadequate enrichment materials for pigs (EFSA 2007b;Spoolder et al. 2011). By contrast, studies have shown that the risk of tail biting can be reduced substantially when (long) straw is provided once or twice daily (Moinard et al. 2003;. According to the PIGTAIL model (Bracke et al. 2004) and EFSA (2007a) main risk factors for tail biting include tail status (tail length and whether or not tails are wounded), the absence of straw, other substrate or enrichment material, race/breed, and elevated stocking densities. To some extent these factors are also mentioned by farmers. With respect to genetics it is relevant to note that it may be both a cause (due to selection for lean meat and individual selection of animals that grow fast at the expense of their pen mates, e.g., due to tail biting) and also a potential solution for tail biting problems (by selecting docile pigs that are less inclined to show tail or ear biting).
Most notably, however, climate is regarded by conventional and organic pig farmers as most important, while this has been assessed as a much lower risk factor in the scientific studies mentioned above (see esp. EFSA 2007a). One possible reason for this may be that climatic effects are much harder to identify scientifically than factors such as straw, stocking density, and tail status (because the former act at the level of the pig unit (often containing 5-15 pens), whereas the latter act at pen level). Another possible reason is that farmers are used to controlling climate much more than providing substrates such as straw, which they believe are incompatible with their slurry-based systems (which may get blocked by straw).
Conventional pig farmers' views on tail docking, tail biting, and enrichment may arise from ''dissonance reduction'' (te Velde et al. 2002). In that case unwanted information was played down (e.g., about the painfulness of docking tails and the value of enrichment materials and curly tails) and advantages were emphasized (tail docking is necessary). Bigger farms also seem to display more dissonance reduction because they tend to deny more that boredom is an important risk factor for tail biting.
The results of our survey suggest that especially among the conventional farmers it is not clear who should take responsibility to stop docking. This is in agreement with results of de Lauwere et al. (2007), who found that especially conventional pig farmers believe that the responsibility for proper animal welfare should be with society. The conventional farmers in our survey showed average agreement (score 3.3 on a scale from 1 to 6) on the statement 'Farmers who attempt to stop docking provide a service to the sector.'' However, underlying this score about 20 % of the farmers totally disagreed with the statement. In fact, a substantial number of farmers may be motivated to discourage other farmers to try to reduce the need for tail docking.
Results from this survey, however, also provide clues as to how problems with enrichment, tail docking, tail biting and teeth cutting can be solved. These solutions are in line with a newly developed method, IND (Intelligent Natural Design, Bracke 2010). The method entails designing a process of ''natural selection'' for reducing welfare problems using available scientific and practical knowledge. In this method it is important that pig farmers are given sufficient ethical room for maneuver (e.g., Korthals 2008;Driessen 2007;Driessen et al. 2010) to apply technological innovations that may solve the problem. To this end farmers should be encouraged to learn from each other and exchange experiences (social learning, Rotmans 2003), and other stakeholders in the production chain should also be involved more actively (Grin and van de Graaf 1996).
Our study shows that there should be room for maneuver, i.e., to reduce the need for tail docking, since as many as 35-50 % of conventional farmers report no tail biting on their farm and since average tail biting prevalences on conventional farms are relatively low (1.1-1.3 % for sow, closed and growing/fattening farms; 2.2 % for breeding farms).
Secondly, while conventional farmers in general relatively disagree that they can stop tail docking completely within 15 years (average score 2.5), about 20 % of them give a score 4, 5 or 6, i.e., they agree (completely) that stopping tail docking is feasible. Furthermore, on the whole conventional farmers didn't think they will need to build another stable before they can stop tail docking (average score 2.4 on a 1-6 scale).