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Covert Timing Channels Exploiting Cache Coherence Hardware: Characterization and Defense

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Abstract

Information leakage of sensitive data has become one of the fast growing concerns among computer users. With adversaries turning to hardware for exploits, caches are frequently a target for timing channels since they present different timing profiles for cache miss and hit latencies. Such timing channels operate by having an adversary covertly communicate secrets to a spy simply through modulating resource timing without leaving any physical evidence. In this article, we demonstrate a new vulnerability exposed by cache coherence protocols where adversaries could manipulate the coherence states on certain cache blocks to alter cache access timing and communicate secrets illegitimately. Our threat model assumes the trojan and spy can either exploit explicitly shared read-only physical pages (e.g., shared library code), or use memory deduplication feature to implicitly force create shared physical pages. We demonstrate a template that adversaries may use to construct covert timing channels through manipulating combinations of coherence states and data placement in different caches. We investigate several classes of cache coherence protocols, and observe that both directory-based and snoopy protocols can be subject to covert timing channel attacks. We identify that the root cause of the vulnerability to be the existence of access latency difference for cache lines in read-only cache coherence states: Exlusive and Shared. For defense, we propose a slightly modified cache coherence scheme that will enable the last level cache to directly respond to read data requests in these read-only coherence states, and avoid any latency difference that could enable timing channels.

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Notes

  1. Note that other coherence states such as M may also exhibit different latency profiles. However, change to M state will require writes to the cache blocks. Since writes to shared memory will annul silent page sharing (created using KSM), we do not consider these other states.

  2. When the LLC holds a copy of the cache block, the coherence transactions on non-inclusive caches are similar to that of exclusive caches. Therefore, the coherence transactions we listed for non-inclusive caches in Table 3 may be applied to a strictly exclusive cache hierarchy as well.

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Acknowledgements

This material is based on work supported by the US National Science Foundation under CAREER Award CCF-1149557 and CNS-1618786, and Semiconductor Research Corp. (SRC) contract 2016-TS-2684. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect those of the NSF or SRC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

    Fan Yao

  2. The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

    Miloš Doroslovački & Guru Venkataramani

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  1. Fan Yao
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  2. Miloš Doroslovački
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  3. Guru Venkataramani
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Correspondence to Fan Yao.

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Yao, F., Doroslovački, M. & Venkataramani, G. Covert Timing Channels Exploiting Cache Coherence Hardware: Characterization and Defense. Int J Parallel Prog 47, 595–620 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10766-018-0608-4

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