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A novel approach to baseline water quality assessment at local and catchment scale: a case study from Berambadi, India

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Abstract

Optimal design and maintenance are necessary for the sustainability of wastewater treatment systems. In this study, we present the outcome of a novel approach to baseline assessment conducted prior to the design and deployment of a decentralized wastewater treatment system at a school in rural India. The baseline water quality monitoring protocol was deployed to assess (a) the quality and quantity of wastewater (greywater and blackwater) flows from the school and (b) the status of surface water and groundwater quality in the catchment. Hourly greywater flows and water quality trends were monitored across four seasons at the school. Average freshwater consumption at the school was 518 ± 322 L/day for hand washing and 287 ± 97 L/day for cooking meals. Greywater generation showed high hourly variations in COD levels. Greywater generated from hand wash and kitchen sources contributed to 110 g/day and 96 g/day of BOD5 respectively and 214 g/day and 141 g/day of COD respectively. Based on additional data from a self-reporting sanitation survey, the organic contaminant load generated from the toilet was estimated to be 1.5 ± 0.1 kg COD/day. At the catchment scale, both groundwater and surface water quality were monitored seasonally to assess the impact of raw sewage and stormwater inputs. Compared with borewells, high nitrate–N levels (> 10 mg/L) were observed in the village hand pump samples throughout the year. Maximum nitrate–N (16 mg/L) and fecal coliforms (3.9 log MPN/100 mL) levels were observed in surface waters during monsoons, indicating the impact of sewage and surface runoff on water quality. The proposed approach is useful to estimate data on freshwater use and wastewater generation at the school and hence to make the case for, and design of, a sustainable water management intervention.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Scottish Government Water Industry Team for providing finances to support the research work. Authors acknowledge Mr. Chandan Gowda, Mr. Praveen Raje Urs, and Mr. Sameer Alam from ATREE natural science team for their contributions in the fieldwork. Authors also acknowledge Miss Anu Karippal and Mr. Kumar D S from ATREE social science team for providing the data on children’s sanitation behavior. Authors are also thankful to Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), The James Hutton Institute, and the University of Glasgow for facilities and support.

Funding

This research was funded and supported by the Scottish Government Water Industry Team.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Environment and Development, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore, India

    Anjali V. Raj, Priyanka Jamwal, Anusree K. Anju, Praveen Kumar & Durba Biswas

  2. Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India

    Lakshminarayana Rao

  3. Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK

    Rachel Helliwell & Samia Richards

  4. Social, Economic and Geographical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK

    Rowan Ellis & Nazli Koseoglu

  5. Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK

    Jagadeesh Yeluripati

  6. Division of Infrastructure and Environment, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK

    Stephanie Connelly

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  1. Anjali V. Raj
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Contributions

Anjali V. Raj: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing — original draft, Writing — review and editing. Priyanka Jamwal: Conceptualization, Writing — review and editing, Funding acquisition, Supervision. Anusree K. Anju: Fieldwork, Sample collection and analysis. Praveen Kumar: Fieldwork, Sample collection and analysis. Durba Biswas: Writing — review and editing, Funding acquisition. Lakshminarayana Rao: Writing — review and editing, Funding acquisition. Rachel Helliwell: Writing — review and editing, Funding acquisition. Samia Richards: Writing — review and editing, Funding acquisition. Rowan Ellis: Writing — review and editing, Funding acquisition. Nazli Koseoglu: Writing — review and editing. Jagadeesh Yeluripati: Writing — review and editing, Funding acquisition. Stephanie Connelly: Writing — review and editing, Funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Priyanka Jamwal.

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Raj, A.V., Jamwal, P., Anju, A.K. et al. A novel approach to baseline water quality assessment at local and catchment scale: a case study from Berambadi, India. Environ Monit Assess 193, 837 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09617-7

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